Pipeline leak detection eLearning Part 1 of 2 Please turn on your - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Pipeline leak detection eLearning Part 1 of 2 Please turn on your - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sep 29, 2023 307 likes •813 views

Pipeline leak detection eLearning Part 1 of 2 Please turn on your speakers Historical development Leak detection system requirements Causes of leaks Leak detection options Non-continuous leak detection Continuous external leak detection

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SLIDE 1

Pipeline leak detection

eLearning – Part 1 of 2

Please turn on your speakers

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SLIDE 2

Title here again in Arial 24 max. one line

Agenda

Pipeline leak detection

Historical development Leak detection system requirements Causes of leaks Leak detection options Non-continuous leak detection Continuous external leak detection Continuous internal leak detection

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SLIDE 3

Title here again in Arial 24 max. one line

Agenda

Pipeline leak detection

Leak localization Human Machine Interface Additional functions in leak detection Typical applications of leak detection systems

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SLIDE 4

Introduction

Historical development

3 | Pipeline leak detection

3000 BC 500 BC 400 BC

Copper pipes for water transport First transport of hydrocarbons Supplying Peking with natural gas

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SLIDE 5

Factors influencing the construction of pipelines: Discovery of crude oil Development of refineries Dependency of oil transport Invention of the automobile

Introduction

Historical development

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19th century

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SLIDE 6

Introduction

Current situation

| Pipeline leak detection 5

Oil, crude oil, refined products, natural gases, condensate, process gases, water and salt water

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SLIDE 7

Title Contents of requirement

Leak detection system requirements

Official requirements

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TRFL Technical Rules for Pipelines API 1130 Computational Pipeline Monitoring for Liquids API 1149 Pipeline variable uncertainties and their effects

  • n leak detection

API 1155 (replaced by API 1130) Performance criteria for leak detection systems CSA Z662 Oil and gas pipelines 49 CFR 195 Transport of hazardous liquids via pipeline

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SLIDE 8

Leak detection system requirements

Performance criteria

8

PipePatrol E-RTTM

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Label Description Reliability

  • Avoid false alarms
  • Reliably detect leaks

Accuracy

  • Accurate localisation of leaks

Robustness

  • Detect failing sensors
  • Fall-back strategies in the event of sensor

failure Sensitivity

  • Minimum detectable leak rate
  • Detection time
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SLIDE 9

F

Causes of leaks

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In Out

Fatigue cracks Stress corrosion Hydrogen indexing Material manufacturing errors External influence

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SLIDE 10

Leak detection options

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Non-continuous Continuous External systems

  • Fibre optic cable
  • Acoustic systems
  • Sensor hoses
  • Video monitoring

Internal systems

  • Pressure point analysis
  • Mass balance method
  • Statistical systems
  • RTTM-based systems
  • E-RTTM
  • Inspection by helicopter
  • Smart pigging
  • Tracking dogs

Leak detection systems

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SLIDE 11

Non-continuous leak detection

Inspection by helicopter

Leak detection methods: Laser Infrared camera Leak sniffer Usage conditions: Detecting small gas leaks Accuracy depends on weather conditions Poor weather conditions make helicopter flight difficult

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SLIDE 12

Non-continuous leak detection

Smart pigging

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Types of pigging:

  • Cleaning pigs
  • Batching pigs

Smart pigs

  • Magnetic flux leakage method
  • Testing using the principle of ultrasonic
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SLIDE 13

Non-continuous leak detection

Smart pigging

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Usage conditions: Detecting existing and potential leaks Zero or baseline pigging Pipeline must be piggable Accuracy of measurement depends on the pig velocity 1 - 5 m/s

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SLIDE 14

Non-continuous leak detection

Tracking dogs

Trained to smell certain

  • dorant

Usage conditions: Short pipelines, segments Containment of leak sites Certification difficult

14 | Pipeline leak detection

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SLIDE 15

External leak detection

Fiber optic cable

Usage conditions: Accurate localisation of leaks Limited length possible

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Laser s °C

Many reflections required Cable position must be selected according to the medium

Gas Liquids L

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SLIDE 16

Usage conditions: Acoustic sensors directly on the pipeline or with steel rods for underground pipelines

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s L A A A A A A

  • Large number of sensors for

longer pipelines Difficult to detect small leaks

dB A

External leak detection

Acoustic systems

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SLIDE 17

External leak detection

Video monitoring

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Usage conditions: Short distances Continuous leak detection may be possible

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SLIDE 18

Pump

External leak detection

Sensor hoses

Usage conditions: Monitoring short pipelines Small leaks detectable Cable position must be selected according to the medium

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Gas detector Pump time Gas concentration

∆

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SLIDE 19

Internal leak detection

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PL TL P0 T0

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SLIDE 20

Internal leak detection

Overview of the systems

Extended-RTTM Volume comparison method Statistical systems RTTM-based P T P T Pressure point analysis

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SLIDE 21

t dp/dt

Internal leak detection

Pressure point analysis

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In

P

Out

Upper threshold Lower threshold

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SLIDE 22

Internal leak detection

Mass balance method

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30 25 20 15 10 5 30 25 20 15 10 5 Difference

Uncompensated mass balance

In/Out In Out

Out In

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SLIDE 23

Internal leak detection

Statistical systems

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In Out Leak No leak

Alarm

Probability Statistical variable

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SLIDE 24

Internal leak detection

RTTM

Conservation of Mass

Real-Time Transient Model

Conservation of Momentum Conservation of Energy In Out

L

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SLIDE 25

PL

Internal leak detection

RTTM

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TL P0 T0

F0 FL ∆ Change in pipe contents

Change in pipe contents

RTTM-compensated mass balance

t

= compensated leak rate

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SLIDE 26

Internal leak detection

E-RTTM

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PL TL P0 T0

F0 ∆

Residual x ≡ F0 – F0 Residual y ≡ FL – FL

∆ FL F0 FL

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SLIDE 27

Internal leak detection

E-RTTM

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PL TL T0 P0

F0 FL F0 FL ∆

s Residual x ≡ F0 – F0 Residual y ≡ FL – FL

Residuals x and y are used by the system as decision values

Leak signature x

∆

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Internal leak detection

Capabilities of internal systems

Method Typical min. detectable leak rate Time to detect leak (liquids) Time to detect leak (gases) Detectable types of leak False alarm frequency Accuracy of leak localisation Pressure point analysis > 5% Short Long Spontaneous leaks High High with additional pressure sensors, dependent on sampling rate Mass balance method > 1% Long Very long Spontaneous and creeping leaks High Average with additional pressure sensors Statistical methods > 0.5% Long Very long Spontaneous and creeping leaks Slight Average with additional pressure sensors RTTM > 1% Short Short Spontaneous and creeping leaks Average High E-RTTM > 0.5% Very short Short Spontaneous and creeping leaks Slight High

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Leak localization

Overview

Possibility of combining methods Improving accuracy Reducing problems in localizing

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Gradient Intersection Method s p Wave Propagation Method t s Extended Wave Propagation Method t s

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Leak localisation

Gradient Intersection Method

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p s L sLeak

In

P

Out

P p0 pL

Advantages

  • Localising: spontaneous, creeping leaks
  • Good accuracy with stationary operation

Disadvantages

  • Accuracy depends on length of pipeline
  • Pipeline geometry must be taken into consideratio
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SLIDE 31

Leak localisation

Wave Propagation Method

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t s L sLeak p0 pL tLeak

Δt

In

P

Out

P

Advantages

  • Good accuracy

Disadvantages

  • No localizing of creeping or small leaks
  • Fast sampling required
  • Can be used during operation and pauses
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SLIDE 32

Leak localisation

Extended Wave Propagation Method

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t s L sLeak p0 pL tLeak

In

P

Out

P

  • Good accuracy

P P p2 p3

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HMI (Human Machine Interface)

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HMI (Human Machine Interface)

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Added functions in leak detection

Efficiency analysis

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87% efficiency 100% efficiency

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Inventory calculation Operator training Theft detection Hydraulic profiles

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Added functions in leak detection

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SLIDE 37

Added functions in leak detection

Batch tracking

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Batch tracking Tracking products and mixing zones Batch scheduling Scheduling arrival times and capacities Scheduling of delivery Reducing waste

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Typical applications

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SLIDE 39

Typical applications

FPSO to refinery

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  • Long pipelines with large diameters
  • Substation measurements impossible
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SLIDE 40

Typical applications

Oil field to refinery

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  • Long pipelines with large diameters
  • Changes in viscosity and density
  • Elevation and temperature differences
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SLIDE 41

Typical applications

Offshore drilling rig to refinery

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  • Changes in viscosity and density
  • Substation measurements impossible
  • Large diameter
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Typical applications

Refinery to tank farms

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Several products with various densities

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SLIDE 43

Typical applications

Gas field to refinery

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  • Long pipelines with large diameters
  • Elevation and temperature differences
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Typical applications

Chemical plant to chemical plant

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Heavily transient operation of pipelines

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SLIDE 45

Typical applications

Sea to city

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Long pipelines with large diameters

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Choosing the right leak detection system

No leak detection system is the perfect choice for every application Selection of the system depends on: Desired results Costs Installation conditions Individual adaptation leads to optimal performance

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What requirements are placed on the application?

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Summary

Pipeline leak detection

  • 1. Historical development
  • 2. Leak detection system requirements
  • 3. Causes of leaks
  • 4. Leak detection options
  • 5. Non-continuous leak detection
  • 6. Continuous external leak detection
  • 7. Continuous internal leak detection
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Summary

Pipeline leak detection

  • 8. Leak localization
  • 9. Human Machine Interface
  • 10. Additional functions in leak detection
  • 11. Typical applications of leak detection systems
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Thank you for your attention.