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Outline Identification/Competitiveness Pigweed Management Genetic - PDF document

1/19/2016 Outline Identification/Competitiveness Pigweed Management Genetic Variability Pigweed Management Herbicide Resistance Doug Shoup Manage Resistance Southeast Area Agronomist Kansas State University Identification


  1. 1/19/2016 Outline � Identification/Competitiveness Pigweed Management � Genetic Variability Pigweed Management � Herbicide Resistance Doug Shoup � Manage Resistance Southeast Area Agronomist Kansas State University Identification Identification ��������������� ��������������� ���������������� � Genetic diversity can generate different characteristics in populations No-till Oklahoma ����� Pigweed Biology No-till Oklahoma Pigweed Biology ������� ������ ����� �������� ������������ ������������� Treatment of Weeds at Proper Pigweed Competition Size � Height from 6 to 10 ft tall ������� � Up to 500,000 seed/plant � Rate of Growth when temperatures are in the �������� � Soy yield losses up to 79% at 8 plants/3ft-row 80’s and 90’s No-till Oklahoma No-till Oklahoma Pigweed Biology Pigweed Biology � Especially true with Palmer amaranth � Height from 6 to 9 ft tall ������� ��������� � Up to 2 million seed/plant � Soy yield losses up to 56% at 8 plants/3ft-row � Height from 5 to 8 ft tall �������� ������� � Up to 400,000 seed/plant � Soy yield losses up to 38% at 8 plants/3ft-row 1

  2. 1/19/2016 ���������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������� �������� �������� ������ ������ No-till Oklahoma No-till Oklahoma Pigweed Biology Pigweed Biology ���������������������������������������� ��������������������������������� �������� ������ No-till Oklahoma No-till Oklahoma Pigweed Biology Pigweed Biology �!��!����"��#�$����%������ �!��!����"��#�$����%������ No-till Oklahoma No-till Oklahoma Pigweed Biology Pigweed Biology 2

  3. 1/19/2016 Pigweed Pollen Shape Pigweed Pollination � Pollen shape differences between species � Redroot pigweed, smooth pigweed, and prostrate � Dioecious species generally more apertures pigweed are monoecious No-till Oklahoma No-till Oklahoma Pigweed Biology Pigweed Biology ����������������� ���������������� � Male and female parts on same plant � Palmer amaranth and common waterhemp are dioecious plants � Male and female parts on separate plants � Amaranth can cross pollinate between species � Potentially transfer resistance genes �������� ������� Cultural Practices to Reduce Pollination and Multi-Gene Weed Pressure Resistance � Pollen viability Monoecious resistance Dioecious resistance � Common waterhemp pollen shown to No-till Oklahoma No-till Oklahoma Pigweed Biology Pigweed Biology be viable up to 120h in greenhouse � Pollen spread � ������ ������ � Decreased fertilization with greater distances � Within 165 ft from pollen source � Distances up to a half mile were ������������� observed in field studies ������ ��� ����� � Liu et. al, 2012 ������ Cultural Practices to Reduce Narrow Row Weed Suppression Weed Pressure � Across 6 site years, narrow row soybean suppressed 60% of Amaranthus (Bell, AR ‘15; Schultz, MO ’15; Steckel, IL ‘04) � Crop rotation � Seed suppression across soybean growth stage and � Crop suppression and use of No-till Oklahoma No-till Oklahoma Pigweed Biology Pigweed Biology different herbicide modes of row spacing action 25,000 � Mechanical Waterhemp seed per plant 7.5" rows � Inter-row cultivation 20,000 30" rows � Rouging escapes 15,000 � Deep plowing � Bury seed 10,000 � Crop competitiveness 5,000 � Seeding rates? ���� ����!"�#$$% � Narrow row? 0 VE V2-V3 V4-V5 R1-R2 R3-R4 3

  4. 1/19/2016 Narrow Row Weed Suppression � Yield losses can be reduced with narrow rows when under high weed pressure (Steckel, IL 2004) No-till Oklahoma No-till Oklahoma Pigweed Biology Pigweed Biology +�/1����� 2$1����� 0������,0/&���&�����) #%�%���������,�� !&�'$(������������ ��� �����'(� �������)�*+*�$$$� ������,�� !&���-������������ �����������./(� �&&�������)�0������,&� # Cover crop suppression of weeds Herbicide Resistance � Cover crops suppress � Palmer and waterhemp have developed resistance weed emergence Pigweed Management across seven herbicide MOA (Heap 2015) No-till Oklahoma � Significantly reduced � Dinitroaniline (Palmer): Treflan, Prowl Pigweed Biology populations and seed � Triazine Resistance: Atrazine, Sencor production � ALS Resistance: numerous Finesse, Pursuit, FirstRate � Common waterhemp � PPO Resistance (Waterhemp): Cobra, Flexstar, Sharpen populations built over � Glyphosate Resistance: Roundup, Touchdown time but significantly � HPPD Resistance: Callisto, Armazon, Laudis, Balance less in cover crop � 2,4-D Resistance (Waterhemp): treatments � Can’t rely entirely on CC for weed control 3������4���#$0$��5�����!�� Herbicide Resistance Inheritance PPO Resistant Waterhemp � ALS and triazine resistance in pigweeds complete � Although resistant to PPO herbicides insensitivity to herbicide Pigweed Management Pigweed Management postemergence, plants will be susceptible to PPO � Triazine also recently found to be metabolic resistance herbicides applied preemergence � Waterhemp resistance to PPO herbicides is by one � Authority, Valor, Reflex, Sharpen gene resistance ��6�������������7 ��6������������6�8 � Resistant plants will show symptoms but won’t die � PPO resistant waterhemp may be common in KS � Resistance in KS, IL, MO 4

  5. 1/19/2016 PPO Resistant Waterhemp Glyphosate Resistance 100 Falk, KSU 2006 Waterhemp emergence (%) 90 � The mechanism of glyphosate resistance in 80 Pigweed Management Pigweed Management 70 pigweed is increased expression of the ESPS Susceptible Resistant 60 enzyme 50 4 Weeks After Treatment 6 Weeks After Treatment 40 � Multiple copies of 30 ESPS in individual 20 10 plants explains 0 varying response to ~Authority XL glyphosate within a equivalent of sulfentrazone population Greenhouse Population Field Population HPPD resistant waterhemp and Treatments: Treatments: Pre: Pursuit (20x) Palmer amaranth Pre: Pursuit Post: Atrazine (1x) + Post 2”: Atrazine Cobra (1x) + Post 5”: Cobra + Glyphosate Pigweed Management Glyphosate (2x) Pigweed Management Res: ALS Res: Atz Res: ALS Res: PPO Susc: Atz Susc: Gly Susc: ALS Susc: PPO Susc: Atz Res: Gly Susc: PPO Susc: Gly ����������������������� �������������������������� ���������������������� �������� Bell, Tranel, Hager, U of Illinois HPPD resistant Palmer amaranth control with PRE Impact/Armezon dose response. herbicides, Seward (Thompson, Peterson 2013) Treatment (PRE applied) Product/acre 3 WAT 6 WAT Pigweed Management Pigweed Management Atrazine 1.5 qt 87 23 Evik DF 1.5 lb 87 23 Callisto 5.4 oz 99 85 Callisto + atrazine 5.4 oz+1.5 qt 100 92 Balance Flexx + atrazine 6 oz + 1.5 qt 100 75 Balance Flx + atz + Zidua 6 oz + 1.5 qt + 4 oz 100 96 Corvus + Atrazine 5.6 + 1.5 qt 98 75 Lumax EZ 2.7 qt 100 93 ��� ���� �������! ����������" ���������# ���������� ������� $%&'�( Lumax EZ + Tricor 75DF 2.7 qt + 7 oz 100 96 �)����������#)��������") Harness Extra 5.6L 2.3 qt 100 72 LSD (0.05) 5 13 5

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