Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Goals of the tutorial Ontology matching tutorial J´ erˆ ome Euzenat Pavel Shvaiko ◮ Provide an introduction to ontology matching ◮ Discuss practical and methodological issues ◮ Demonstrate and use (advanced) matching technology & ◮ Motivate future research Montbonnot Saint-Martin, France Trento, Italy Jerome.Euzenat@inria.fr pavel.shvaiko@infotn.it October 2014 Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 2 / 113 Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Outline What is an ontology? Problem 1 Applications 2 Methodology 3 An ontology typically provides a vocabulary that describes a domain of interest and a specification of the meaning of terms used in the vocabulary. Classification 4 Methods 5 Depending on the precision of this specification, the notion of ontology Strategies encompasses several data and conceptual models, including, sets of terms, 6 classifications, thesauri, database schemas, or fully axiomatized theories. Systems 7 Using alignments 8 Evaluation 9 10 Conclusions Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 3 / 113 Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 5 / 113
Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Various forms of ontologies Being serious about the semantic web Principled, ‘Ordinary’ Structured Description Data XML Formal informal glossaries dictionaries glossaries schemas taxonomies logics ◮ It is not one guy’s ontology. hierarchies ◮ It is not several guys’ common ontology. expressivity Entity- Ad hoc Database ◮ It is many guys and girls’ many ontologies. Terms Thesauri XML DTDs relationship Frames Logics hierarchies schemas ◮ So it is a mess, but a meaningful mess. models Glossaries and Thesauri and Metadata and Formal ontologies data dictionaries taxonomies data models adapted from [Uschold and Gruninger, 2004] Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 6 / 113 Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 7 / 113 Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Living with heterogeneity The heterogeneity problem Often resources expressed in different ways must be reconciled before being The semantic web will be: used. ◮ huge, Mismatch between formalized knowledge can occur when: ◮ dynamic, ◮ different languages are used, ◮ heterogeneous. ◮ different terminologies are used, These are not bugs, these are features. ◮ different modelling is used. We must learn to live with them and master them. Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 8 / 113 Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 9 / 113
Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions On reducing heterogeneity The matching process Reconciliation can be performed in 2 steps o o ′ Match, o parameters Matcher thereby determine an alignment A matching A A ′ Generate Generator resources o ′ a processor (for merging, transforming, etc.) Transformation Matching can be achieved at run time or at design time. Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 10 / 113 Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 11 / 113 Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Motivation: two ontologies Motivation: two ontologies ≥ Monograph Monograph Product integer Product price price isbn isbn string title author title author ≥ doi title doi title uri creator creator Essay Essay topic topic ≥ Litterary critics ≤ Litterary critics Person Person DVD DVD Human Politics Human Politics Book Book Biography Biography author author Writer ≥ Writer subject subject CD CD Bertrand Russell: My life Autobiography Autobiography Literature Literature Albert Camus: La chute Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 12 / 113 Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 12 / 113
Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Motivation: two XML schemas Correspondence Electronics Electronics Personal Computers PC ⊥ Microprocessors PC board Definition (Correspondence) PID ID Given two ontologies o and o ′ , a correspondence between o and o ′ is a Name Brand Quantity Amount 3-uple: � e , e ′ , r � such that: Price Price ◮ e and e ′ are entities of o and o ′ , for instance, classes, XML elements; Accessories Cameras and Photo ◮ r is a relation, for instance, equivalence (=), more general ( ⊒ ), Photo and Cameras ≥ Accessories disjointness ( ⊥ ). Digital Cameras PID ≥ Name ID Quantity Brand Price Amount Price Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 13 / 113 Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 14 / 113 Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Alignment Terminology: a summary Matching is the process of finding relationships or correspondences between entities of different ontologies. Definition (Alignment) Alignment is a set of correspondences between two or more (in case of Given two ontologies o and o ′ , an alignment ( A ) between o and o ′ : multiple matching) ontologies. The alignment is the output of ◮ is a set of correspondences on o and o ′ the matching process. ◮ with some additional metadata (multiplicity: 1-1, 1-*, method, date, Correspondence is the relation supposed to hold according to a particular . . . ) matching algorithm or individual, between entities of different ontologies. Mapping is the oriented version of an alignment. Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 15 / 113 Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 16 / 113
Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Applications: ontology evolution Applications: catalog integration o Matcher o ′ o t o t + n Matcher A A Generator Generator DB Translator DBPortal Kb t + n Kb t Transformation Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 18 / 113 Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 19 / 113 Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Problem Applications Methodology Classification Methods Process Systems Use Evaluation Conclusions Applications: linked data interlinking Applications: p2p information sharing o Matcher o ′ o Matcher o ′ A A Generator Linker query query peer1 peer2 mediator answer answer d L d ′ Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 20 / 113 Ontology matching tutorial (v15): ISWC-2014 (Riva del Garda, Italy) – Euzenat and Shvaiko 21 / 113
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