On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) II Regulatory Update Mobile Source Control Division California Air Resources Board April 25, 2002 Sacramento, California Page 1 of 33
OBD II Background • Adopted in 1989 • On every 1996 and newer vehicle. • Monitors virtually every emission related component • Illuminates warning light and stores fault info for repair technicians California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 2 of 33
Status of OBD II • On 100 million vehicles in the U.S. • Over 3 trillion miles covered • Feedback indicates program is working California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 3 of 33
Percentage of Cars With High Mileage 70% 60% 60% 1995 50% 2001 50% 44% 41% 40% % 27% 30% 17% 20% 10% 0% >100k >125k >150k Odometer miles Page 4 of 33
LEV II and OBD II Programs •LEV II program targets near zero fleet emissions for useful life (120k miles) •Certification and In-Use Compliance programs verify useful life standards •OBD II program targets high mileage vehicles beyond useful life California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 5 of 33
Reasons for Proposed Changes • Keep pace with technology • Areas for improvement • Proper OBD II performance is critical for I/M • Stronger enforcement needed California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 6 of 33
Outline • Technical requirements/revisions • Revisions affecting I/M and repair technicians • Malfunction thresholds • Enforcement strengthening California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 7 of 33
NOx Catalyst Monitoring • Currently, only HC conversion efficiency monitored • LEV II program requires 75% NOx reduction from LEV I program • NOx conversion efficiency now needs to be monitored California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 8 of 33
NOx Catalyst Monitoring Proposal • Phase-in for LEV II vehicles • 2007 and subsequent model years • 1.75 x HC or NOx standard (2.5x for SULEVs) • 2005 and 2006 model years • 3.5 x NOx standard • Will refine existing catalyst monitoring approach California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 9 of 33
“Cold Start Strategy” and Secondary Air System Monitoring • Most emissions occur at cold start • Many emission control components and strategies affect catalyst warm-up • Propose monitoring during warm-up • 2006-2008 phase-in California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 10 of 33
Additional Technical Revisions • Diesel catalyst and particulate matter (PM) trap monitoring • Misfire monitoring • Variable valve timing (VVT) • Most changes required for 2005 and newer vehicles. California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 11 of 33
Outline • Technical requirements/revisions • Revisions affecting I/M and repair technicians • Malfunction thresholds • Enforcement strengthening California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 12 of 33
Standardization changes • OBD II standardization requirements • Scan tool communication, connector, fault codes, etc. • Necessary in I/M • Help technicians make effective repairs California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 13 of 33
Changes to help I/M programs • EPA requires OBD II system in state I/M programs • Improvements include: • Electronic VIN • Readiness status • Connector location California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 14 of 33
Communication Protocol • Scan tools talk to vehicles via standardized protocols • Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol • allowed in 2003 and required in 2008 • More data at faster rates • Phase-out of current protocols • Heavy-duty/medium duty communication protocol (J1939) California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 15 of 33
Verification of Standardized Requirements • Testing of production vehicles • Verify compliance with standardized features necessary for I/M testing • Required for 2005 and newer vehicles California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 16 of 33
Outline • Technical requirements/revisions • Revisions affecting I/M and repair technicians • Malfunction thresholds • Enforcement strengthening California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 17 of 33
Monitoring Thresholds • Major OBD II monitors calibrated to 1.5 x standard • Industry wants higher levels for LEV II program vehicles California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 18 of 33
Monitoring Thresholds (cont.) • LEV II/ULEV II standards do not necessitate less stringent thresholds • Proposed thresholds necessary to achieve LEV II emission benefits • Production vehicles already meet requirements • Flexibility to revise thresholds if necessary California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 19 of 33
SULEV Monitoring Thresholds • Proposed SULEV threshold of 2.5 x standard • Accounts for current emission measurement technology • Allows same levels of individual component deterioration as ULEV I • Three manufacturers selling SULEVs meeting these thresholds California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 20 of 33
NMOG Threshold 9.0 8.3 8.0 Threshold x Standard 7.0 Standard 6.0 Staff Proposed Threshold Industry Threshold 5.0 4.0 2.5 3.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 0.0 ULEV I ULEV II SULEV Emission Standard Page 21 of 33
NOx Threshold 25.0 22.5 Threshold x Standard 20.0 Emission Standard Staff Proposed Threshold 15.0 Industry Threshold 10.0 6.4 5.0 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.0 ULEV I ULEV II SULEV Emission Standard Page 22 of 33
Cost Effectiveness of Thresholds • Proposed thresholds are cost-effective: • ~ $5 per pound for 120k-230k miles • Includes costs to consumers and the emission benefit • Industry’s proposed thresholds: • $4.75 to $6.50 per pound • nearly 9 tons per day fewer emission reductions California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 23 of 33
Outline • Technical requirements/revisions • Revisions affecting I/M and repair technicians • Malfunction thresholds • Enforcement strengthening California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 24 of 33
OBD II-Specific Enforcement • Enforcement testing since 1994 model year • Enforced under OBD II and tailpipe procedures • Existing procedures not adequate California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 25 of 33
OBD II Compliance and Enforcement Three Major Improvements • Increase in required testing • Standardized method for measuring in-use performance • OBD II-specific enforcement procedures California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 26 of 33
Production Vehicle Evaluation -Monitoring Requirements •Identify defects early •Every diagnostic tested •Testing early in production California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 27 of 33
Production Vehicle Evaluation -Standardization Requirements •Ensure vehicles properly communicate OBD II information •Development of “Gold Standard” test equipment California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 28 of 33
Monitoring Frequency • Standardize method to measure frequency • Software tracks how often monitoring occurs • Minimum frequency equates to detection within two weeks California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 29 of 33
Enforcement Regulation • Section 1968.5 is OBD II specific enforcement procedures • Detailed enforcement procedures to be followed by staff • Addresses shortcomings of using tailpipe procedures • Applies to 2004 and subsequent model years California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 30 of 33
Enforcement Procedures/Criteria • Establishes specific testing procedures • Defines sampling and testing procedures • Defines criteria for determining compliance • Eliminates provision to offset OBD II non-compliance with “over-compliance” on tailpipe emissions California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 31 of 33
Enforcement -Remedial Action • Criteria to determine appropriate remedial action • Remedial action varies from nothing up to recall and fines • Mandatory recall if a major monitor is non-functional California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 32 of 33
Summary • LEV II program fleet has near zero emissions. • Fleet must be maintained at near zero emissions for entire life • Proposed changes are feasible and necessary • Proposed enforcement regulation necessary for an effective OBD II program California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Page 33 of 33
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