[PPT] - Observations on Knowledge Transfer of Professional Software PowerPoint Presentation

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Franz Zieris

zieris@inf.fu-berlin.de

Lutz Prechelt

prechelt@inf.fu-berlin.de

Observations on Knowledge Transfer

f Professional Software Developers

during Pair Programming

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Typical pair programming scenarios

1. Solve a difficult problem
Combined ideas
Combined background knowledge

Developer Developer

2. Introduce new team member
System understanding
Common practices, coding conventions

Senior member Newbie

2

knowledge knowledge

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Research Goal

Characterize how effective and efficient knowledge transfer works in pair programming.

Geared towards practitioners:

– Formulate patterns of beneficial and problematic behavior

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SLIDE 4

Data collection

Authentic

In-vivo

recordings of professionals: no artificial pairs, tasks,

r settings

Diverse

different

domains & pair types

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SLIDE 5

Data analysis

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AA1 BA1 CA1 CA2 CB1 CA3 CA4 CA5 DA1 DA2 DA3 DA4 DA5 EA1 EA2 EA3 EA4 EA5 EA6 EA7 FA1 FA2 FA3 FA4 JA1 JA2 JA3 JA4 JA5 JA6 JA7 JA8 JA9 KA1 KA2 KA3 KA4 KA5 KA6 KA7 KA8* MA1 NA1 NA2 NA3 NA4 GA1 LA1 LB1

LotR 1 LotR 2 LotR 3

49+ Sessions from 11 companies 13 Sessions selected Lord of the Rings I-III

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Data analysis

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Grounded Theory (Strauss & Corbin)

450 Knowledge Transfer Episodes analyzed 13 Sessions selected

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Three Examples

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Example 1: Efficient Pull Episode

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return objectHandle.fetchM; fetchMiniObject() CMMiniObject fetchMiniObject(boolean allowMicroObject)

Do the MicroObjects still exist?

Context: Java, with complex self-written framework Task: Get business object (“MiniObject”) from proxy object (“objectHandle”)

Bob Carl

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Example 1: Efficient Pull Episode

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return objectHandle.fetchMiniObject(true);

Do the MicroObjects still exist? Yes, they do. They do here, on your machine. On the working branch, however … true.

Context: Java, with complex self-written framework Task: Get business object (“MiniObject”) from proxy object (“objectHandle”)

Bob Carl

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Example 1: Efficient Pull Episode

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return objectHandle.fetchMiniObject(true);

Do the MicroObjects still exist? Yes, they do. They do here, on your machine. On the working branch, however … true. Internal Knowledge Need Pull Episode Target Content

Context: Java, with complex self-written framework Task: Get business object (“MiniObject”) from proxy object (“objectHandle”)

Bob Carl

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Target Content: 0 Target Content: 0 Co-Produce Episode TC: ü Design Proposal TC: >0 External Knowledge Need Push Episode TC: >0 Internal Knowledge Need Talking Pioneer Episode TC: ü

RESYNC

Uh …

Exactly.

Example 2: Effective Resynchronization

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B C

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Target Content: 0 Target Content: 0 Co-Produce Episode TC: ü Design Proposal TC: >0 External Knowledge Need Push Episode TC: >0 Internal Knowledge Need Talking Pioneer Episode TC: ü

RESYNC

Uh …

Exactly.

Example 2: Effective Resynchronization

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B C

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Target Content: 0 Target Content: 0 Co-Produce Episode TC: ü Design Proposal TC: >0 External Knowledge Need Push Episode TC: >0 Internal Knowledge Need Talking Pioneer Episode TC: ü

RESYNC

Uh …

Exactly.

Example 2: Effective Resynchronization

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B C

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Target Content: 0 Target Content: 0 Co-Produce Episode TC: ü Design Proposal TC: >0 External Knowledge Need Push Episode TC: >0 Internal Knowledge Need Talking Pioneer Episode TC: ü

RESYNC

Uh …

Exactly.

Example 2: Effective Resynchronization

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B C

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Target Content: 0 Target Content: 0 Co-Produce Episode TC: ü Design Proposal TC: >0 External Knowledge Need Push Episode TC: >0 Internal Knowledge Need Talking Pioneer Episode TC: ü

RESYNC

Uh …

Exactly.

Example 2: Effective Resynchronization

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B C

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Target Content: 0 Target Content: 0 Co-Produce Episode TC: ü Design Proposal TC: >0 External Knowledge Need Push Episode TC: >0 Internal Knowledge Need Talking Pioneer Episode TC: ü

RESYNC

Uh …

Exactly.

Example 2: Effective Resynchronization

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B C

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Target Content: 0 Target Content: 0 Co-Produce Episode TC: ü Design Proposal TC: >0 External Knowledge Need Push Episode TC: >0 Internal Knowledge Need Talking Pioneer Episode TC: ü

RESYNC

Uh …

Exactly.

Problematic Example 3: Parallel Work

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D E

Researcher‘s perspective: E‘s confusion makes the effects of the Parallel Production Episode visible.

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Summary of the examples

Knowledge transfer episodes can be very

efficient (with very few utterances)

– … if the pair invests in staying close together.

If they don‘t, episodes can become much

longer and may take several attempts

– See our previous work [1]

Even worse, the pair risks working on

parallel tracks (as in the last example)

[1] Zieris & Prechelt, On Knowledge Transfer Skill in Pair Programming, in Proc. ESEM‘14

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Results

On Pair Programming in general

No pair member more knowledgeable in all regards
Positive effects of knowledge-wise inferior member

(Anti-)Pattern candidates

Resync
Parallel
Talking Pioneering

Mechanisms of knowledge transfer episodes

Push & Pull
Co-Produce & Pioneering Production

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Enough with Push …

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… time for Pull!

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Thank you!

https://bitbucket.org/spooning

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Used Images

https://web.archive.org/web/20080509191418/http://www.cenqua.com/pairon/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/a2gemma/552208117 http://www.iconarchive.com/show/oxygen-icons-by-oxygen-icons.org/Categories-system-help-icon.html http://www.iconarchive.com/show/vista-people-icons-by-icons-land/Person-Male-Light-icon.html http://www.iconarchive.com/show/vista-people-icons-by-icons-land/Groups-Meeting-Light-icon.html http://www.iconarchive.com/show/xedia-icons-by-photoshopedia/My-Computer-icon.html http://www.iconarchive.com/show/nuoveXT-2-icons-by-saki/Devices-keyboard-icon.html

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