No. 1, 2, 6 & 9 No. 1 B D A Some candidates mixed up NADP - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

2014 DSE BIO 1B-1 No. 1, 2, 6 & 9

No. 1 B D A Some candidates mixed up NADP and NAD.

No. 2 (a) In the space provided, label the cells shown in the photomicrograph. (2 marks) ciliated epithelial cell 纖 ( 纤 ) 毛上皮細胞 mucus-secreting cell 黏液分泌細胞

(1) Spelling mistake  cil l iated epithelial cell  ciliated epith ilium cell  mucus-secret ory cell  黏  絨毛上皮細胞  黏液分泌的細胞

(2) Too simple  ciliated epithelial cell → ciliated cell / epithelial cell  mucus-secreting cell → mucus cell  纖毛上皮細胞 → 纖毛細胞 / 上皮細胞  黏液分泌細胞 → 黏液細胞

(3) Wrong cell type  blood vessel red blood cell and white blood cell  leaf epidermal cell and mesophyll cell  villus lacteal and capillary  organelles mitochondrion and chloroplast

No. 2 (b) With reference to the features of the inner wall shown in the photomicrograph, describe how the inner wall of the trachea can protect our body against bacterial invasion. (3 marks)

mucus-secreting cells secrete mucus to trap germs / pathogens / bacteria / microbes from the incoming air Example  mucus-secreting cells secrete mucus to trap dust particles from the incoming air  mucus-secreting cells to trap germs / pathogens / bacteria / microbes from the incoming air  黏液分泌細胞分泌黏液將細菌包圍

cilia sweep the trapped germs away to the throat for swallowing or coughing Example  ciliated epithelial cell sweep the trapped germs away to the throat for coughing  cilia sweep the trapped germs upwards (without mentioning the destination)  cilia push the trapped germs away to the throat for swallowing or coughing  纖毛將細菌推 / 運向咽喉

closely packed epithelial cells prevent the entry of bacteria / form a physical barrier Example  the epithelial cells are closely packed  closely packed cells prevent the entry of bacteria / form a physical barrier

No. 6 (a) Based on the data above and the gene expression processes, explain why the amylase activity in dogs is generally higher than that in wolves. (3 marks)

dogs have many more copies of gene A in the genome than wolves Example  wolves have 2 copies of gene A, dogs have 5 to 30 copies of gene A  狼的基因 A 拷貝數目全部都是 2 ，而狗的 基因 A 拷貝數目最少也有 5

these gene copies will be transcribed into mRNA which, in turn, translated into amylase Example  Dogs have many more copies of gene A in the genome than wolves, so more amylase will be produced in dogs.  Dogs have many more copies of gene A in the genome than wolves. When gene A is expressed in dogs and wolves, more amylase will be produced in dogs.  基因 A 負責編碼澱粉酶

more amylase will be produced in dogs, resulting in higher amylase activity Example  狗的基因 A 拷貝數目越多，製成澱粉酶的 多肽鏈越長，澱粉酶的活性也就越高

Example  Dogs eat plant which contains starch, so they need more gene A to digest starch. Wolves eat meat , so they do not need many gene A.  狗吃狗糧，狗糧含豐富澱粉，所以澱粉酶活性 較高；狼是肉食性動物，所以澱粉酶活性較低  狼在野外生存，環境溫度較低，所以澱粉酶活 性較低；狗在室內居住，環境溫度較高，所以 澱粉酶活性較高  狼為變溫動物，所以澱粉酶活性較低；狗為恆 溫動物，所以澱粉酶活性較高

No. 6 (b) It is hypothesized that in ancient times, wolves might have been attracted to waste dumps near early human settlements and consumed human food waste. Suggest how the domestication of wolves would have led to the selection of multiple copies of gene A. (5 marks)

 the human food wastes usually contain carbohydrates / starch  variations in copy number of gene A may exist in the ancient wolf population  those with higher gene copy numbers could produce more amylase and were more adapted to a starch- rich diet of human food waste  as wolves got used to feeding on human food wastes and gradually domesticated, they could then grow better and reproduce more / have more offspring than those with smaller gene copy number  their genes, including multiple copies of gene A could be passed to the next generation, resulting in the selection of multiple copies in the dogs’ genome

Example  狼的種群存有遺傳變異。  在進食廚餘後，體內具有基因 A 拷貝的狼能 消化澱粉，從而能夠生存；而沒有基因 A 拷 貝的狼則無法消化澱粉而餓死。  由於種群內的競爭減少，具有基因 A 拷貝的 狼繁殖，  產生具有基因 A 拷貝的後代。  因此，在狼馴化過程中選上多個基因 A 拷貝。 (0 分 )

Example  In ancient times, the main food for wolves is human food waste which contains starch.  There is genetic variation among the wolves.  Under this condition, only the wolves with gene A can digest the human food.  Without competition, the wolves with gene A can reproduce .  So most of the wolves have the gene A now. (1 mark)

Comparison is required Example  There are variation among multiple copies of gene A.  Wolves with the multiple copies of gene A are selected to survive as they can find food while the others starve to death.  Wolves with the multiple copies of gene A then grow and reproduce to a dominant group. (1 mark)

Example  Due to mutation , ancient wolves with multiple copies of gene A might appear.  狼為了適應食物的消化，因此基因進行 突變，所以狼在馴化為狗的過程中基因 A 拷貝數目增加。

No. 6 (c) Describe an experiment which can compare the different amylase activities of wolves and dogs. (4 marks)

Concepts of mark award ：  source of digestive juice  mixing of digestive juice with starch  appropriate test method  description and interpretation of result

Example  mix saliva ith starch solution w  add iodine solution into the mixture  the shorter the time for the mixture to stay in brown colour, the higher amylase activity (4 marks)

Example  mix amylase with starch solution  add iodine solution into the mixture  the shorter the time for the mixture to stay in brown colour, the higher amylase activity (3 marks)

Example  mix potato strip with saliva  add iodine solution into the mixture  the shorter the time for the mixture to stay in brown colour, the higher amylase activity (1 mark)

Example  mix saliva and iodine solution with starch solution  the shorter the time for the m ixture to stay in brown colour, the higher amylase activity (2 marks)

Example 欠缺澱粉  分別將含有狼和狗隻的澱粉酶溶液加入 本立德溶液中  並放在沸水中加熱 10 分鐘  觀察磚紅色沉澱物的多少  較多沉澱物代表酶的活性較高 (0 分 )

Example  Feed wolves and dogs with starch.  Wait for a few hours for the amylase to digest the food.  Get the faeces from wolves and dogs.  Using iodine solution to test the amount of starch undigested. (0 mark ： in vivo experiments were not feasible in this case)

No. 9 (a) Rank the diseases in the descending order of mortality(death rate). (1 mark)

heart diseases > colon cancer > diabetes mellitus Example  heart diseases, colon cancer, diabetes mellitus  heart diseases → colon cancer → diabetes mellitus  diabetes mellitus<colon cancer<heart diseases

No. 9 (b) From the data above, generalize a trend of mortality that is exhibited by all the diseases. (1 mark)

number of death increases with age groups/age Example  People aged above 65 has the highest chance of mortality.  Mortality of all the diseases increases dramatically when the patients are of higher age group, i.e. more than 65 years old .  With increasing ages, people are more likely to suffer from all the three diseases.  這些疾病的死亡率有年輕化的趨勢

No. 9 (c) For the following diseases, explain how these lifestyles of the males and females are related to number of death in Table I.

Hear Heart disease t disease (3 (3 mar marks) s) heart disease kills more male than females Example  Most of the male and female have smoking activity daily, so heart disease has the highest number of death .  男性有較大機會患上心臟病  心臟病早死的男性人數較女性為多

more male were (daily) smokers Example  78.9% of male smoke daily and 21.1% of female smoke daily

nicotine of cigarette smoke increases the chance of blocking the blood vessel Example  Smoking daily will lead to heart disease because cigarettes consist of tar, carbon monoxide and nicotine . When these harmful substances intake, the artery of the heart will be blocked.

nicotine of cigarette smoke increases the chance of blocking the blood vessel Example  nicotine increases the heart beat and the blood pressure  nicotine causes constriction of blood vessels  the fat in processed meat may deposit on the wall of blood vessels