Introduction - na : a disjunction AND conjunction marker? A-na B: disjunction Example Disjunction and Alternative Conditionals in Korean Angie- na Brad -ka cikum Nagoya-ey issta. now Nagoya-in exist Angie- na Brad- N OM Jiwon Yun ‘Angie or Brad is in Nagoya now.’ Cornell University A-na B-na: conjunction September 5, 2009 Example Angie- na Brad- na cikum Nagoya-ey issta. now Nagoya-in exist Angie- na Brad- na ‘Angie and Brad are in Nagoya now.’ Jiwon Yun (Cornell University) WAFL6 September 5, 2009 1 / 30 Jiwon Yun (Cornell University) WAFL6 September 5, 2009 2 / 30 Introduction Introduction - na : a disjunction AND conjunction marker? Questions What are the syntactic and semantic properties of nana -conjunction? cf. A-wa B: ordinary conjunction How is the meaning of nana -conjunction derived compositionally? Example Why does the marker used to make a conjunction have the same form Angie- wa Brad -ka cikum Nagoya-ey issta. with a disjunctive marker? now Nagoya-in exist Angie- wa Brad- N OM ‘Angie and Brad are in Nagoya now.’ A-na B-na type of conjunction appears in more restricted contexts than ordinary conjunction does. Jiwon Yun (Cornell University) WAFL6 September 5, 2009 3 / 30 Jiwon Yun (Cornell University) WAFL6 September 5, 2009 4 / 30
Data: the properties of nana -conjunction Compatibility with an explicit case marker Data: the properties of nana -conjunction Givenness Compatibility with an explicit case marker Givenness The conjuncts in nana -conjunction are a set of compatible things Ordinary conjunctions can be followed by a case marker given in the previous discourse. Example Example Angie- wa Brad-ka cikum Nagoya-ey issta. A: na-nun Angie-hako Brad-lul cohahay. Angie- wa Brad- N OM now Nagoya-in exist I- T OP Angie-and Brad- A CC like ‘Angie and Brad are in Nagoya now.’ ‘I like Angie and Brad.’ nana -conjunctions cannot be followed by a case marker. B: Angie- na Brad- na cikum Nagoya-ey isse. Example Angie- na Brad- na now Nagoya-in exist Angie- na Brad- na -(*ka) cikum Nagoya-ey issta. ‘Angie and Brad are in Nagoya now.’ Angie- na Brad- na -( N OM ) now Nagoya-in exist ‘Angie and Brad are in Nagoya now.’ Jiwon Yun (Cornell University) WAFL6 September 5, 2009 5 / 30 Jiwon Yun (Cornell University) WAFL6 September 5, 2009 6 / 30 Data: the properties of nana -conjunction Givenness Data: the properties of nana -conjunction Exhaustivity Givenness Exhaustivity The conjuncts in nana -conjunction are a set of compatible things given in the previous discourse. e.g. nana -conjunction cannot be used to make the answer part to a question. Example A: nwuka cikum Nagoya-ey isse? who. N OM now Nagoya-in exist Example ‘Who are in Nagoya now?’ Andrew- na Brad- na Chris- na uica-ey ancaissta. B: #Angie- na Brad- na cikum Nagoya-ey isse. Andrew- na Brad- na Chris- na chair-in sit Angie- na Brad- na now Nagoya-in exist ‘Andrew, Brad and Chris are sitting in a chair.’ ‘Angie and Brad are in Nagoya now.’ Jiwon Yun (Cornell University) WAFL6 September 5, 2009 7 / 30 Jiwon Yun (Cornell University) WAFL6 September 5, 2009 8 / 30
Data: the properties of nana -conjunction Exhaustivity Data: the properties of nana -conjunction Distributivity Exhaustivity Distributivity ordinary conjunction: collective vs. distributive readings Example Andrew- wa Brad- wa Chris-ka nonmwun-ul hana nayssta. Andrew-and Brad-and Chris- N OM paper- A CC one submit ‘Andrew, Brad, and Chris have submitted a paper.’ collective reading In nana -conjunction, every given alternative should be exhaustively listed. Example distributive reading #Andrew- na Brad- na uica-ey ancaissta. Andrew- na Brad- na chair-in sit ‘(intended meaning: Both Andrew and Brad are sitting in a chair.)’ Jiwon Yun (Cornell University) WAFL6 September 5, 2009 9 / 30 Jiwon Yun (Cornell University) WAFL6 September 5, 2009 10 / 30 Data: the properties of nana -conjunction Distributivity Data: the properties of nana -conjunction Summary Distributivity Interim Summary I nana -conjunction: only a distributive reading is possible The properties of nana -conjunction: Incompatibility with case markers Example Givenness Andrew- na Brad- na Chris- na nonmwun-ul hana nayssta. Exhausitivity Andrew- na Brad- na Chris- na paper- A CC one submit Distributivity ‘Andrew, Brad, and Chris (each) have submitted a paper.’ Where do they come from?? Jiwon Yun (Cornell University) WAFL6 September 5, 2009 11 / 30 Jiwon Yun (Cornell University) WAFL6 September 5, 2009 12 / 30
Analysis: Alternative Conditional Alternative Conditionals Analysis: Alternative Conditional Alternative Conditionals Alternative Conditionals Conjunctive Meaning of Alternative Conditionals p - na q - na r ‘Whether p or q, r’ entails both ‘If p, r’ and ‘If q, r’ Alternative Conditional (AC): another reapeated - na construction p - na q - na r ‘Whether p or q, r’ Example John-i palphyo-ha-na Bill-i palphyoha-na Example John- N OM presentation-do- na Bill- N OM presentation-do- na John-i palphyo-ha-na Bill-i palphyoha-na Mary-nun yelsimhi tululkesita. John- N OM presentation-do- na Bill- N OM presentation-do- na Mary- T OP attentively listen Mary-nun yelsimhi tululkesita. ‘Whether John or Bill gives a presentation, Mary will be listening Mary- T OP attentively listen attentively.’ ‘Whether John or Bill gives a presentation, Mary will be listening → ‘If John gives a presentation, Mary will be listening attentively.’ attentively.’ → ‘If Bill gives a presentation, Mary will be listening attentively.’ In this sentence - na is a clausal ending rather than a nominal ending, and the two clauses marked by - na make a conditional-like adjunct Both p and q provide sufficient condition for the occurrence of the clause together. event denotated by the main clause. Jiwon Yun (Cornell University) WAFL6 September 5, 2009 13 / 30 Jiwon Yun (Cornell University) WAFL6 September 5, 2009 14 / 30 Analysis: Alternative Conditional Alternative Conditionals Analysis: Alternative Conditional Alternative Conditionals Conjunctive Meaning of Alternative Conditionals The Semantic Representation of Alternative Conditionals Then, what is the meaning of the clause p - na q - na itself? The semantic representation of alternative conditionals If we assume that the basic semantic interpretation of ACs is a Example conditional with a disjunctive antecedent, we can explain the � p 1 - na p 2 - na · · · p n - na q � = conjunctive flavor of ACs in terms of logical properties of conditional (( p 1 → q ) ∧ ( p 2 → q ) ∧ · · · ∧ ( p n → q )) and disjunction. SDA (simplification of disjunctive antecedent) (Loewer 1976) SDA ( p ∨ q ) ⊃ r ≡ ( p ⊃ r ) ∧ ( q ⊃ r ) Jiwon Yun (Cornell University) WAFL6 September 5, 2009 15 / 30 Jiwon Yun (Cornell University) WAFL6 September 5, 2009 16 / 30
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