Multiscale Hypsometric Map of Russia and Contiguous Territories - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Multiscale Hypsometric Map of Russia and Contiguous Territories

Timofey Samsonov, Aigul Khaliullina

• Dept. of Cartography and Geoinformatics

Lomonosov Moscow State University Faculty of Geography

2014

Hypsometric mapping

A.A.Tillo Hypsometric map of European Russia 1889

• Y. Shokalsky

Hypsometric map of European Russia 1912 г. K.A.Salischtschev “Map of Kolyma region” 1931 г.

• E. Imhof

Swiss School Atlas (1962-1976 гг.)

• Middle and small scales
• Vivid, exaggerated representation
• f major terrain features
• Layered color tints
• Often combined with hillshading

Hypsometric Mapping

• Interactive web-based

cartographic resource about relief of Russia and contiguous territories for higher education

– Multiscale representation: from 1:200 000 to 1:50 000 000 – Macro-size relief forms (not large-scale) – Landform partonomic classification with detailed description of every region – Layered hypsometric tints for terrain representation at every scale

THE GOAL

Cartographic Challenges

Generation of high-quality DEMs for scales smaller than 1:1 000 000 Coherent hypsometric scales for the whole range of levels of detail Multi-color hypsometric scales for 1:200 000 and 1:500 000 levels of detail

Questions

• 1. What to represent?
• 2. How to represent?
• 3. From what data?
• 4. How to share?

LANDFORM HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION AND ZONING

PART 1 — WHAT TO REPRESENT?

Hierarchical structure of relief

• Mapping scales and principles of cartographic relief

presentation are closely related to hierarchical nature of topography

• Natural phenomena have

relationships with structure of relief at different levels of their

• rganization

 Tectonic structures  Soils  Vegetation  …

• Multiscale hypsometric mapping is an effective solution

From hierarchy to classification

• Geomorphological zoning by Voskresensky et al. (1980)

Geomorphological zoning

• Unique sliding classification

by Voskresensky et al. (1980)

• Several factors are used at every level

• All pictures were scanned and the most suitable projection

selected for every region

• Georeferenced integrated were into seamless mosaic

Building Seamlines

Scanning Mosaicking Georeferencing

From paper towards digital representation

Attributes Mapping Digitizing 16 countries 52 provinces 56 subprovinces 200 oblasts 136 suboblasts 940 regions

attributed digitized

Digital mapping

HYPSOMETRIC SCALES

PART 2 — HOW TO REPRESENT?

Testing color scales

Darkening scales Lightening scales

The first experience: 1: 2 500 000 and smaller

Color tree: the changes are logical and sequential between scales

Layered hypsometric tints : 1:500 000 and larger

1. Large Scale = Small Extent 2. Limited height variation 3. Restrained number of steps 4. Development of color scale is conventionally simple 1. Large Scale ≠ Small Extent 2. Unlimited height variation 3. Overflowing number of steps 4. Development of color scale is conventionally complex

Mapping for print Mapping for Web/Desktop

Extent Extent Hypsometric Layers should be distinguishable and comparable with legend

Why not gradient shading?

✔ Layered ✗ Gradient

1. Better representation of planar shape 2. Better representation of elevation distribution 3. All-sufficient without hillshading 4. Better for scientific purposes and higher education

Extension to 1:200 000 — Attempt 1

Extension to 1:200 000 — Attempt 2

1:200 000

1:500 000

1:1 000 000

1:2 500 000

TERRAIN GENERALIZATION

PART 3 — DATA SOURCES

Data Sources

Data source Target Scale SRTM90 1:100 000 GMTED2010 7.5'' 1:200 000 GMTED2010 15'' 1:500 000 GMTED2010 30'' 1:1 000 000 ETOPO1 / CUSTOM 1:2 500 000 ETOPO1 / CUSTOM 1:5 000 000 ETOPO2 / CUSTOM 1:10 000 000 ETOPO2 / CUSTOM 1:20 000 000 ETOPO5 / CUSTOM 1:50 000 000 CUSTOM — generated by customized algorithm for some territories

DEM Generalization

The criteria for stream generalization are the length and flow accumulation level at the source

DEM Generalization

• 0. Original DEM

DEM Generalization

• 1. Primary streams

DEM Generalization

• 2. Primary watersheds

DEM Generalization

• 3. Secondary streams

DEM Generalization

• 4. Secondary watersheds

DEM Generalization

• 4. Secondary watersheds (without streams)

DEM Generalization

• 5. Triangulate layers

DEM Generalization

• 5. Triangulate layers

DEM Generalization

• 6. Rasterize TIN

DEM Generalization

• 7. Widen valleys and watersheds

DEM Generalization

• 8. Smooth

DEM Generalization

• 1. Primary streams

Widening

• Adapted from Leonowicz, Jenny &

Hürni (2009) Automatic generation of hypsometric layers for small-scale

• maps. Computers & Geosciences, 35,
• p. 2074–2083.
• Not used as generalization method but
• nly for post-processing
• Original method may produce semi-

generalized landforms as small valleys are not removed directly but only as a result of filtering

• Smooth weighting using the Euclidian

distance is used instead of buffering

• MIN and MAX filters instead of

quartiles

• Ridges are widened as well to enhance

the readability

Widening

• 0. Original DEM

Widening

• 1. Valley DEM — MIN filter

Widening

• 2. Ridge DEM — MAX filter

Widening

• 1. Streams

Widening

• 2. Euclidian distance

Widening

• 3. Valley weights

Valleys

D

D — zone of infection

Widening

• 4. Ridge weights

Valleys Ridges

D

D — zone of infection

Widening

• 5. Source DEM weights

Original

Widening

• 6. Weighted sum

Z = Z0W0 + ZvalWval + ZridgeWridge

W0+Wval+Wridge = 1

x x x = + +

Widening — profile view

Widening

Original

Widening

D = 1000 m

Widening

D = 3000 m

DEM Generalization Toolbox for ArcGIS

• Generalize DEM — the

whole workflow

• Flow Accumulation to

streams — extraction

• f streams
• Widen — widening of

valleys and ridges

Python scripts

1:2 500 000: Generalized DEM vs ETOPO1

Generalized GMTED 30” ETOPO1

MAP AND SERVICE

PART 4 — HOW TO SHARE?

Thematic Group Active Scale Group Inactive scale groups

Layer Structure

Terrain statistics

• Heights and slope angles
• Regular 6-degrees grid
• 1. Dice DEM and project into UTM projection
• 2. Calculate slope angles
• 3. Mosaic slope angles

Slope angles

• GMTED2010 7.5” (250 m) is used
• Results can be improved using

ASTER GDEM or WorldDEM

5642

Information cards

ArcGIS Online Map Service

ArcGIS Online Map Service

Profiles

ArcGIS Online Map Service

Descriptions

Perspectives

• 1. High-quality DEMs for small-scale hypsometric

tinting covering whole world

• 2. New “multi-scale” color scales
• 3. Zone descriptions in separate panel
• 4. Elementary hydrologic analysis in web service
• 5. Photos attached
• 6. References to Wikipedia

Thank you for attention!

tsamsonov@geogr.msu.ru