Multiscale Hypsometric Map of Russia and Contiguous Territories - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Multiscale Hypsometric Map of Russia and Contiguous Territories Timofey Samsonov, Aigul Khaliullina Dept. of Cartography and Geoinformatics Lomonosov Moscow State University Faculty of Geography 2014

Hypsometric mapping A.A.Tillo Hypsometric map of European Russia 1889 Y. Shokalsky Hypsometric map of European Russia 1912 г. K.A.Salischtschev “Map of Kolyma region” 1931 г. E. Imhof Swiss School Atlas (1962-1976 гг.)

Hypsometric Mapping • Middle and small scales • Vivid, exaggerated representation of major terrain features • Layered color tints • Often combined with hillshading

THE GOAL • Interactive web-based cartographic resource about relief of Russia and contiguous territories for higher education – Multiscale representation: from 1:200 000 to 1:50 000 000 – Macro-size relief forms (not large-scale) – Landform partonomic classification with detailed description of every region – Layered hypsometric tints for terrain representation at every scale

Cartographic Challenges Generation of high-quality DEMs for scales smaller than 1:1 000 000 Coherent hypsometric scales for the whole range of levels of detail Multi-color hypsometric scales for 1:200 000 and 1:500 000 levels of detail

Questions 1. What to represent? 2. How to represent? 3. From what data? 4. How to share?

PART 1 — WHAT TO REPRESENT? LANDFORM HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION AND ZONING

Hierarchical structure of relief • Mapping scales and principles of cartographic relief presentation are closely related to hierarchical nature of topography  Natural phenomena have relationships with structure of relief at different levels of their organization  Tectonic structures  Soils  Vegetation  …  Multiscale hypsometric mapping is an effective solution

From hierarchy to classification • Geomorphological zoning by Voskresensky et al. (1980) �

Geomorphological zoning • Unique sliding classification by Voskresensky et al. (1980) • Several factors are used at every level

From paper towards digital representation All pictures were scanned and the most suitable projection • selected for every region • Georeferenced integrated were into seamless mosaic Scanning Georeferencing Building Seamlines Mosaicking

Digital mapping Digitizing Attributes 16 countries 52 provinces Mapping attributed 56 subprovinces digitized 200 oblasts 136 suboblasts 940 regions

PART 2 — HOW TO REPRESENT? HYPSOMETRIC SCALES

Testing color scales Darkening scales Lightening scales

The first experience: 1: 2 500 000 and smaller Color tree: the changes are logical and sequential between scales

Layered hypsometric tints : 1:500 000 and larger Mapping for print Mapping for Web/Desktop 1. Large Scale = Small Extent 1. Large Scale ≠ Small Extent 2. Limited height variation 2. Unlimited height variation 3. Restrained number of steps 3. Overflowing number of steps 4. Development of color scale is 4. Development of color scale conventionally simple is conventionally complex Extent Extent Hypsometric Layers should be distinguishable and comparable with legend

Why not gradient shading? ✔ Layered ✗ Gradient 1. Better representation of planar shape 2. Better representation of elevation distribution 3. All-sufficient without hillshading 4. Better for scientific purposes and higher education

Extension to 1:200 000 — Attempt 1

Extension to 1:200 000 — Attempt 2

1:200 000

1:500 000

1:1 000 000

1:2 500 000

PART 3 — DATA SOURCES TERRAIN GENERALIZATION

Data Sources Data source Target Scale SRTM90 1:100 000 GMTED2010 7.5'' 1:200 000 GMTED2010 15'' 1:500 000 GMTED2010 30'' 1:1 000 000 ETOPO1 / CUSTOM 1:2 500 000 ETOPO1 / CUSTOM 1:5 000 000 ETOPO2 / CUSTOM 1:10 000 000 ETOPO2 / CUSTOM 1:20 000 000 ETOPO5 / CUSTOM 1:50 000 000 CUSTOM — generated by customized algorithm for some territories

DEM Generalization The criteria for stream generalization are the length and flow accumulation level at the source

DEM Generalization 0. Original DEM

DEM Generalization 1. Primary streams

DEM Generalization 2. Primary watersheds

DEM Generalization 3. Secondary streams

DEM Generalization 4. Secondary watersheds

DEM Generalization 4. Secondary watersheds (without streams)

DEM Generalization 5. Triangulate layers

DEM Generalization 5. Triangulate layers

DEM Generalization 6. Rasterize TIN

DEM Generalization 7. Widen valleys and watersheds

DEM Generalization 8. Smooth

DEM Generalization 1. Primary streams

Widening • Adapted from Leonowicz, Jenny & H ü rni (2009) Automatic generation of hypsometric layers for small-scale maps. Computers & Geosciences, 35, p. 2074 – 2083. • Not used as generalization method but only for post-processing • Original method may produce semi- generalized landforms as small valleys are not removed directly but only as a result of filtering • Smooth weighting using the Euclidian distance is used instead of buffering MIN and MAX filters instead of • quartiles • Ridges are widened as well to enhance the readability

Widening 0. Original DEM

Widening 1. Valley DEM — MIN filter

Widening 2. Ridge DEM — MAX filter

Widening 1. Streams

Widening 2. Euclidian distance

Widening 3. Valley weights Valleys D D — zone of infection

Widening 4. Ridge weights Valleys Ridges D D — zone of infection

Widening 5. Source DEM weights Original

Widening 6. Weighted sum Z = Z 0 W 0 + Z val W val + Z ridge W ridge W 0 +W val +W ridge = 1 = x x x + +

Widening — profile view

Widening Original

Widening D = 1000 m

Widening D = 3000 m

DEM Generalization Toolbox for ArcGIS Python scripts • Generalize DEM — the whole workflow • Flow Accumulation to streams — extraction of streams • Widen — widening of valleys and ridges

1:2 500 000: Generalized DEM vs ETOPO1 Generalized GMTED 30” ETOPO1

PART 4 — HOW TO SHARE? MAP AND SERVICE

Layer Structure Active Scale Group Thematic Group Inactive scale groups

Terrain statistics • Heights and slope angles • Regular 6-degrees grid Slope angles 1. Dice DEM and project into UTM projection 2. Calculate slope angles 3. Mosaic slope angles • GMTED2010 7.5” (250 m) is used • Results can be improved using ASTER GDEM or WorldDEM

Information cards 5642

ArcGIS Online Map Service

ArcGIS Online Map Service Profiles

ArcGIS Online Map Service Descriptions

Perspectives 1. High-quality DEMs for small-scale hypsometric tinting covering whole world 2. New “multi - scale” color scales 3. Zone descriptions in separate panel 4. Elementary hydrologic analysis in web service 5. Photos attached 6. References to Wikipedia Thank you for attention! tsamsonov@geogr.msu.ru