Motivation Theories by Prof. Pradip Kumar Ghosh 1 Defin init - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Motivation Theories

by Prof. Pradip Kumar Ghosh 1

Defin init itio ion

Motivation  can be broadly defined as the forces acting on or within a person that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of goal-directed, voluntary effort.  Motivation theory is thus concerned with the processes that explain why and how human behavior is activated.

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Vario ious Motivation Th Theories

• MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
• ALDERFER'S E-R-G THEORY.
• MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY
• MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY.

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MASLOW'S HIE IERARCHY OF NEEDS

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• Physiological needs,
• Security needs,
• Belongingness needs,
• Esteem needs,
• Self-actualization need

According to the implications of the hierarchy, individuals must have their lower level needs met by, for example, safe working conditions, adequate pay to take care of one's self and one's family, and job security before they will be motivated by increased job responsibilities, status, and challenging work assignments.

. ALDERFER'S E-R-G TH THEORY

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• Existence – Physiological & Safely
• Relatedness – Belongingness and Esteem needs
• Growth – Self Actualization

. MOTIV IVATOR-HYGIENE TH THEORY

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• Lower Level Needs (Hygienic factors )
• Higher Level Needs ( Motivators )

The implication for managers of the motivator-hygiene theory is that meeting employees lower- level needs by improving pay, benefits, safety, and other job-contextual factors will prevent employees from becoming actively dissatisfied but will not motivate them to exert additional effort toward better performance. To motivate workers, according to the theory, managers must focus on changing the intrinsic nature and content of jobs themselves by "enriching" them to increase employees' autonomy and their opportunities to take on additional responsibility, gain recognition, and develop their skills and careers.

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MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY. ( Most Important)

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• Need for Affiliation ( n-Aff)
• Need for Power ( n-Pow)
• Need for Achievement ( n-Ach)

n-Aff

The need for affiliation is a desire to establish social relationships with others.

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n-Pow

The need for power reflects a desire to control one's environment and influence

• thers.

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n-Ach Ach

The need for achievement is a desire to take responsibility, set challenging goals, and obtain performance feedback.

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Managers should attempt to develop an understanding of whether and to what degree their employees have one or more of these needs, and the extent to which their jobs can be structured to satisfy them.

Achievers

According to McClelland and David Winter (Motivating Economic Achievement), the following features accompany high level of achievement motivation

• Moderate risk propensity;
• Undertaking innovative and engaging tasks;
• Internal locus of control and responsibility for own decisions and behaviors;
• Need for precise goal setting.

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Sources – n-Ach

 Parental encouragement for independence  Praise and rewards for success  Association of achievement with positive feelings  Association of achievement with one's own competence and effort, not luck  A desire to be effective or challenged  Intrapersonal Strength  Desirability  Feasibility  Goal Setting Abilities

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