Millimeter Wave Communication in 5G Wireless Networks By: Niloofar - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Millimeter Wave Communication in 5G Wireless Networks

By: Niloofar Bahadori

Advisors: Dr. J.C. Kelly,

• Dr. B Kelley

Outline

• 5G communication Networks
• Why we need to move to higher frequencies?
• What are the characteristics of mmWave band communications?
• What are the challenges in using mmWave?
• What are the existing solutions?
• Application of mmWave in 5G framework.
• Future works

Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI) Mobile, 2016

5G networks

Network Specification 5G 4G Peak Data Rate 10 Gb/s 100 Mb/s Mobile Data Volume 10 Tb/s/k𝑛" 10 Gb/s/k𝑛" E2E Latency 5 ms 25 ms Energy Efficiency 10% current consumption Number of Devices 1 M/k𝑛" 1 k/k𝑛" Mobility 500 km/h

• Reliability

99.999% 99.99%

5G networks

Existing solutions to improve network capacity:

• Increase Available BW
• Carrier Aggregation
• Cognitive Radio
• Spectrum Reuse
• D2D Communication
• Small Cell network
• Increase Spectral Efficiency
• Massive MIMO
• Spectrum Sharing

Even though some of these techniques can boost performance significantly, there is no clear roadmap on how to achieve the so far defined 5G performance targets.

Carrie #1: 20 MHz Carrie #2: 20 MHz Carrie #3: 20 MHz Carrie #4: 20 MHz Carrie #5: 20 MHz

100 MHz

5G networks

AM Broadcast TV Broadcast Cellular Communication Wi-Fi Equivalent Spectrum

U.S. Frequency Allocation The Radio Spectrum

Source: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NTIA Office of Spectrum Management

UWB 3.1–10.6 GHz, high data rate in PAN LMDS 28 -30 GHz broadband, fixed wireless, point-to- multipoint for last mile application

• Microwave band is referred to as Sweet spot due to its favorable propagation characteristics
• Low frequency bands have been almost used up
• It is difficult to find sufficient frequency bands in the microwave range for 5G improvements
• mmWave with high bandwidth can be a potential solution for 5G communication
• However, wave propagation in mmWave band has specific characteristics that should be considered

in design of network architecture

3 GHz 57-64 164-200 300 GHz Cellular communication 54 GHz 99 GHz 99 GHz Oxygen molecule Absorption Water Absorption Potential available bandwidth

mmWave Communication

Candidate Bands 27.5–28.35 31.225–31.3 29.1–29.25 71-76 31.075–31.225 81-86 31.0–31.075 92-95

Atmospheric Absorption

• Raindrops are roughly the same size as the radio wavelengths (millimeters) and therefore cause scattering
• f the radio signal
• The rain attenuation and molecular absorption characteristics of mmWave propagation limit the range of

mmWave communications

mmWave Characteristics

Source: E-band technology. E-band Communications. [Online]. Available: http://www.e-band.com/index.php?id=86.

The rain attenuation and atmospheric absorption do not create significant additional path loss for cell sizes

• n the order of

200 m.

mmWave Characteristics

High Propagation Loss and Sensitivity to Blockage

• mmWave communication suffers from high propagation loss 𝑄𝑀 ∝ 𝑔"
• Electromagnetic waves have weak ability to diffract around obstacles with a

size significantly larger than the wavelength

• For example, blockage by a human attenuate the link budget by 20-30 dB
• Only LOS communication is efficient.

Frequency Band (GHz) PLE- LOS PLE- NLOS Rain Attenuation @200 m (dB) Oxygen Absorption @200 m (dB) 28 1.8~1.9 4.5~4.6 0.9 0.04 38 1.2~2 2.7~3.8 1.4 0.03 60 2.23 4.19 2 3.2 73 2 2.45~2.69 2.4 0.09

𝐺 𝑒 = 𝑄𝑀(𝑒,) + 10𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑕5, 𝑒 𝑒, Path-loss Exponent (PLE)

LOS path NLOS path

NLOS suffer from high attenuation

mmWave Characteristics

Directivity

• To combat severe propagation loss, high gain, directional

antennas are employed at both transmitter and receiver

• Beamforming is a key enabling technology of mmWave

communication

• With a small wavelength, electronically steerable antenna

arrays can be realized as patterns of metal on circuit board

5 mm 16 antennas Integrated Circuit

Directional antenna High gain at one direction very low gain in all

• ther directions

Source: F. Gutierrez, S. Agarwal, K. Parrish, and T.S. Rappaport, “On-Chip Integrated Antenna Structures in CMOS for 60 GHz WPAN Systems,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 27, no. 8, October 2009, pp. 1367 – 1377.

mmWave Characteristics

Large array at mobile station, 4-32 antennas 256 or more antennas at Base station

• Due to the size of antenna at mmWave, large

array of antenna can be realized on both BS and device

• mmWave communication is inherently

Directional

• The directivity of transmission enables

concurrent transmissions with low multi user interference. Challenges:

• MIMO cause higher power consumption
• Beamforming add overhead to system
• To make the transmitter and receiver direct

their beams towards each other, the procedure of beam training is needed.

Blockage mmWave are highly sensitive to blockage,

• Building blockage
• Body blockage
• Hand Blockage

Design requirements:

• High density of infrastructure required to cover areas around

buildings

• Need rapid switching between LOS and NLOS paths
• Array diversity on the handset

Solutions

• Multiple path can be computed when one is blocked the

remaining can be used.

• adds the complexity and overhead of the beamforming

process

• Switch between different mode of communication

mmWave Characteristics

Building B.S B.S Coordinating B.S

Applications

Small-Cell Networks

• Massive densification of small-cells has

been proposed to achieve the 10000 fold increase in network capacity. Small- cells deployed underlying the macrocells as WLANs or WPANs are a promising solution for the capacity enhancement in the 5G cellular networks.

• Increasing quality of link
• Less power consumption
• Decreasing latency
• Decreasing number of users

assigned to each BS

• Improve network coverage area

Device-to-Device Communication

• Device to Device Communication which is

used to transfer data between devices without using the main infrastructure is one

• f the promising approaches in 5G networks
• Less power consumption
• Spectral efficiency

Source Niu, Yong, et al. "A survey of millimeter wave communications (mmWave) for 5G: opportunities and challenges." Wireless Networks 21.8 (2015): 2657-2676.

With huge bandwidth, and low interference of mmWave band communication, can be used in small-cell access and backhaul networks, and direct communication among devices

Summary

Benefits:

• Higher bandwidth
• Small wavelength
• A large array of antenna can be

realized in a small area

• Directivity
• Less MUI

Challenges

• High propagation loss
• Absorption by rain and Oxygen molecule
• Blockage Sensitivity
• Needs model for blockage
• only LOS communication is efficient
• Beamforming add overhead to system
• •More spectrum
• •Larger channel

Spectrum

• •Reduce interference
• •Spectrum reuse

Large Array and Narrow Beam

Ultra-fast Broadband Communication

• In our proposed system model, D2D communication is

enabled in a mmWave small-cell network.

• Network exploit mmWave and microwave resource to
• vercome the uncertainty of the mmWave environment

caused by blockages.

• Our goal is to maximize number of satisfied applications

scheduled at both frequency bands, based on their context information

• Application maximum tolerable Delay
• Size of the Data
• Channel State information
• Probability of LOS communication in mmWave band

We are looking to find optimal solution for the

• ptimization problem.

A proper method to capture the uncertainty in mmWave LOS channel.

Future Work

n application are running simultaneously Small-cell BS underlying a macrocell Microwav e Band mmWave Band One time slot

References

[1] Mac Cartney, G. R., and Rappaport, T. S. 73 GHz millimeter wave propagation measurements for outdoor urban mobile and backhaul communications in new York city. In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) (2014), IEEE, pp. 4862-4867. [2] An, X., Sum, C.-S., Prasad, R. V., Wang, J., Lan, Z., Wang, J., Hekmat, R., Harada, H., and Niemegeers, I. Beam switching support to resolve link-blockage problem in 60 ghz wpans. In 2009 IEEE 20th international Symposium on personal, indoor and mobile radio communications (2009), IEEE, pp. 390{394. [3] Azar, Y., Wong, G. N., Wang, K., Mayzus, R., Schulz, J. K., Zhao, H., Gutierrez, F., Hwang, D., and Rappaport, T. S. 28 GHz propagation measurements for outdoor cellular communications using steerable beam antennas in new York

• city. In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) (2013), IEEE, pp. 5143{5147.

[4] Bai, T., Alkhateeb, A., and Heath, R. W. Coverage and capacity of millimeter-wave cellular networks. IEEE Communications Magazine 52, 9 (2014), 70{77. [5] Bai, T., and Heath, R. W. Coverage and rate analysis for millimeter-wave cellular networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 14, 2 (2015), 1100{1114. [6] Lei, L., Zhong, Z., Lin, C., and Shen, X. Operator controlled device-to-device communications in lte-advanced

• networks. IEEE Wireless Communications 19, 3 (2012), 96.

[7] Collonge, S., Zaharia, G., and Zein, G. E. In uence of the human activity on wide-band characteristics of the 60 ghz indoor radio channel. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 3, 6 (2004), 2396-2406. [8] Niu, Yong, et al. "A survey of millimeter wave communications (mmWave) for 5G: opportunities and challenges." Wireless Networks 21.8 (2015): 2657-2676.