Market access: From bespoke solutions to unilateral standard setting - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Market access: From bespoke solutions to unilateral standard setting - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Market access: From bespoke solutions to unilateral standard setting 26 October2018, Bern Professor Michael Hahn University of Berne (Switzerland) Institute for European and International Economic Law IEW World Trade Institute WTI Post WWII

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Market access: From bespoke solutions to unilateral standard setting

26 October2018, Bern

Professor Michael Hahn University of Berne (Switzerland) Institute for European and International Economic Law IEW World Trade Institute WTI

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Post WWII Multilateral Trade Liberalization

From unilateral granting (à la Zibelemärit) To Treaty-based market access

Weighted Average Tariffs 25% 23% 10% 30% 40% 4% 6.4% 15% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Average Tariff

Foundation of GATT Geneva 1947 (23 Annecy 1994 (13) Torquay 1950-51 (38) Geneva 1956 (26) Dillon-Round 1960-62 (26) Kennedy-Round 1964-67 (62) Tokyo-Round 1973-79 (99) Uruguay-Round 1986-93 (117) G A T T T A R I F F S

Source: GATT

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Plus ca change….

  • From Trade Liberalization to Trade Regulation and Behind-the-

Border-Issues – Regulatory cooperation (-)

  • Plurilateral/bilateral FTA provisions are based either upon

WTO non-tariff rules, plus MRA (e.g. CETA, EU-CH)….

  • ….or upon non-tariff rules emanating from larger trading

partner (EU, US, China)

  • Regulatory cooperation largely absent

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The Relevance of the European Experience for Switzerland

  • Cassis-de Dijon Principle and equivalence (full faith and credit)
  • Harmonization (directives, regulations)

è Single Market

  • Variable Geometry (Schengen/Dublin, EMU, enhanced cooperation)
  • Rule export to 3rd countries via “gravity” & Agreements (MRAs,

Association and FTAs) – “The Brussels effect”

  • “The EU ecosystem” of governance as integral part of the

equivalence evaluation process

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Back to unilateral granting of market access?

  • POTUS 45: e.g. VERs U.S. – Korea, USMCA
  • “Third country-/Switzerland clauses in EU legislation: “A

privilege, not a right”

  • OBOR
  • Rule-Makers and Rule-Takers

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(Recognition of) Equivalence “Autonomous Adaptation” Agreements

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Any questions?

michael.hahn@iew.unibe.ch michael.hahn@wti.org

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