Lung Cancer
Objectives To provide a general overview of lung physiology To explore the types and classifications of lung cancer To provide causes and risk factors of lung cancer To present the signs and symptoms of lung cancer in throughout its progression To explore assessment and diagnostic information of lung cancer To introduce diagnostic staging specific to lung cancer To discuss treatments and side effects of lung cancer To present post-op complications for cases with lung cancer
General Overview of Lung Physiology: Breathing
Healthy lung tissue
Diseased Lung Tissue
Types of Lung Cancer Two main Types of Lung Cancer : Small Cell Lung Cancer (20-25% of all lung cancers) Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (most common ~ 80%)
Small Cell Lung Cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer • 1. Squamous cell carcinoma • 2. Adenocarcinoma • 3. Large cell carcinomas
Squamous cell carcinoma • Moderate to poor differentiation • makes up 30-40% of all lung cancers • more common in males • most occur centrally in the large bronchi • Uncommon metastasis that is slow effects the liver, adrenal glands and lymph nodes. • Associated with smoking • Not easily visualized on xray (may delay dx) • Most likely presents as a Pancoasts tumor
Adenocacinoma • Increasing in frequency. Most common type of Lung cancer (40-50% of all lung cancers). • Clearly defined peripheral lesions (RLL lesion) • Glandular appearance under a microscope • Easily seen on a CXR • Can occur in non-smokers • Highly metastatic in nature – Pts present with or develop brain, liver, adrenal or bone metastasis
Large cell carcinomas • makes up 15-20% of all lung cancers • Poorly differentiated cells • Tends to occur in the outer part (periphery) of lung, invading sub-segmental bronchi or larger airways • Metastasis is slow BUT • Early metastasis occurs to the kidney, liver organs as well as the adrenal glands http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= 3wzjqbh besI.
Lung Cancer Re-cap Small Cell Lung Cancer Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Squamous cell Adenocarinoma
Causes and Risk factors of Lung Cancer
Signs and Symptoms of Lung Cancer Sometimes lung cancer does not cause any symptoms and is only found in a routine x-ray. If a person with lung cancer does have symptoms, they will depend on the location of the tumour in their lung. It is also imperative to note that the same symptoms can be caused by other conditions, so may not necessarily mean cancer. Therefore it is important to consult a doctor when symptoms are present. Signs and symptoms also depend upon the location, size of the tumor, degree of obstruction and existence of metastases
Signs and Symptoms of Lung Cancer There are two types of signs and symptoms of lung cancer: ) Localized – involving the lung. ) Generalized – involves other areas throughout the body if the cancer has spread.
ocalized Signs and Symptoms ugh eathing Problems, SOB, stridor ange in phlegm ng infection, hemoptysis oarseness, Hiccups t loss est Pain and tightness ncoats Syndrome orner’s Syndrome eural Effusion perior Vena Cava Syndrome tigue
Generalized Signs and Symptoms Bone pain Headaches, mental status changes or neurologic findings Abdominal pain, elevated liver function tests, enlarged liver, gastrointestinal disturbances (anorexia, cachexia), jaundice, hepatomegaly r/t liver involvement Weight loss
arly/late Signs and Symptoms Of ung Cancer Early Signs Late signs Cough/chronic cough Bone pain, spinal cord compression Dyspnea Chest pain/tightness Hemoptysis Dysphagia Chest/shoulder pain Head and neck edema Recurring temperature Blurred vision, headaches Recurring respiratory Weakness, anorexia, infections weight-loss, cachexia Pleural effusion
Diagnostic Tests • CXR • CT Scans • MRI • Sputum cytology • Fibreoptic bronchoscopy • Transthoracic fine needle aspiration
aboratory Tests Blood Tests * CBC-to check red/white blood cell & platelets -to check bone marrow and organ function * Blood Chemistry Test-to assess how organs are functioning such as liver and kidney Biopsy-to determine if the tumor is cancer or not -to determine the type of cancer -to determine the grade of cancer (slow or fast)
Biopsy
Endoscopy Bronchoscopy Mediastinoscopy VATS (video assisted thoracoscopic surgery)
Bronchoscopy
Mediastinoscopy
horacoscopic surgery) VATS (video assisted
ursing Management for post ndoscopic procedures onchoscopy Mediastinoscopy VATS onitor V/S; NPO status Monitor VS; potential for Monitor V/S; potential aintained until return bleeding, infection and for bleeding, infection gag reflex. dyspnea; NPO status and dyspnea; NPO status until return of gag reflex until return of gag reflex ver up to 101F can be pected afterwards
Post-op complications for those with lung cancer Airway obstruction, dyspnea, hypoxemia, respiratory failure Anesthesia side effects (N/V) Bleeding (hypotension, cardiogenic shock) Cardiac dysthymias, CHF, fluid overload Fever, sepsis Pneumonia Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolus Wound dehiscence Prolonged hospitalization Death
Nursing pulmonary post-op onsiderations/interventions Positioning in bed, Monitor V/S Prevention of respiratory complications – Early ambulation, DB&C, incentive spirometer, managing dyspnea Prevention of deep vein thrombosis – Early ambulation Pain management Infection control
Educating the patient Inform the patient what to expect, from administration of anesthesia to thoracotomy and the likely use of chest tubes and a drainage system postoperatively. Tell the patient about the administration of oxygen postoperatively and the possible use of a ventilator. Explain the importance of frequent turning to promote drainage of lung secretions. Instruct the proper use of an incentive spirometry and how to perform diaphragmatic and pursed-lip breathing techniques. Teach the patient to splint the incision site with hands, a pillow or a folded towel to avoid discomfort
Cancer Staging nical Staging Pathological Based on the examination of the based on findings gathered by • tissue samples obtained from the the doctor primary tumor, nodes or metastasis used to plan the initial therapy Helpful in planning additional • may be modified by additional treatment and follow-up nformation found during pathological examination
Cancer Staging Systems • The most common staging system for lung cancer is the TNM System developed by the International Union Against Cancer (UICC). • Guides best course of treatment • Estimates prognosis • It is only useful in staging NSCLC, when surgery is considered.
TMN Staging system for Lung Cancer = Tumors : tumor size, (local invasion) = Node : node involvement (size and type) = Metastasis : general involvement in organs and tissues
ung Cancer Staging Continued T: Tx, T0, Tis, T1-T4 (T3- tumors greater than 7cm, T4 is a tumor of any size) N: N0, N1, N2, N3 M: M0, M1a, M1b
Medical Management The three main cancer treatments are: * surgery (lung resections) * radiation therapy * chemotherapy Other types of treatment that are used to treat certain cancers are hormonal therapy, biological therapy or stem cell transplant.
Side effects of treatments rgery Radiation Chemotherapy n fatigue Anemia, thrombocytopenia motomas Decreased nutritional Fatigue intake mmorhage Radiodermatitis Alopecia, SOB ered respiratory Decreased hematopoietic Cold, pale nction function sk for atelectasis, Risk for Pneumonitis, Tingling eumonia, hypoxia esophagitis, cough sk for DVT N/V Irritable Grief Dizzy, weak
Lung resections Lobectomy: a single lobe of lung is removed Bilobectomy: 2 lobes of the lung are removed (only on R side) Sleeve resection: cancerous lobe is removed and segment of the main bronchus is resected Pneumonectomy: removal of entire lung Segmentectomy: a segment of the lung is removed Wedge resection: removal of a small, pie-shaped area of the segment Chest wall resection with removal of cancerous lung
Prognostic Factors The best estimate on how a patient will do based on: * type of cancer cells * grade of the cancer * size or location of the tumor * stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis * age of the person * gender * results of blood or other tests * a persons specific response to treatment * overall health and physical condition
Prevention: Primary Avoid the use of tobacco smoke Personal and family hx are important risk factors Know environmental carcinogens that increase risk Chemoprevention: Consuming carotenoids, Vit A, retinoids Vit E, selenium, Vit C, fat
Prevention: Secondary Aim is to early diagnose high risk populations via screening CXR, MRI, CT scans, sputum cytology
Prevention: Tertiary Targeted at people who survived a cancer disease Assists them to retain an optimal level of functioning regardless of their potential debilitating disease
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