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Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova on behalf of the LowE WG ht t p:/ / www.ge.inf n.it / geant 4/ lowE/ index.ht ml Geant4 Workshop and Geant4 Review, CERN, October 2002 Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova The process

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

  • n behalf of the LowE WG

ht t p:/ / www.ge.inf n.it / geant 4/ lowE/ index.ht ml Geant4 Workshop and Geant4 ∆ Review, CERN, October 2002

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

The process in a nutshell

We have and maintain a URD

– Regular contacts with users

We have a process for requirements management

– But we would like to have a tool for it!

We do analysis and design

– We validate our designs against use cases

We do design and code reviews

– not enough, however… – main problem: geographical spread

Unit, package integration, system tests + validation (acceptance)

– we do a lot… but we would like to do more – Limited by availability of resources availability of resources for core testing – Need a more systematic approach and better tools Test & Analysis Project Test & Analysis Project – Close collaboration with users

Ample requirements traceability

– Still improving it: added documentation and validation results as traceability items – in progress: traceability documentation from simple matrix to Rose model

We regularly hold WG meetings to discuss and agree together our project planning (GDPM approach) We have a SPI process

– With some spells of SPD sometimes… – Collaboration with Anaphe for a common (tailored) process

We keep everything in CVS (not in our head…)

– Code, designs, tests, documents etc.

We maintain a web site

– LowE, advanced examples, WG projects

More det ails: see t alk on Sof t ware Process in Physics, Geant 4 Review 2001

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Recent physics activities

Electron processes

– New parameterisations of LLNL data – Various bug fixes – Tests against NIST database (range) – Tests against Sandia database

Photon processes

– Rather stable – Tests of angular distributions in progress

Polarisation

– Improvement of Compton – γ conversion in progress – Contacts with experiments for common validation tests Auger effect

– New

Fluorescence

– Small fixes and improvements while re- implementing in a design iteration – Test beam validation in collaboration with ESA Science Payload Division

PIXE

– Toy model – Established contacts for databases, plans for new model

Protons, ions

– Stable, minor improvements – Bragg peak tests in progress

Antiprotons

– Paper in progress, very close to submission

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Photons: mass attenuation coefficient

0.01 0.1 1 10
  • 18
  • 16
  • 14
  • 12
  • 10
  • 8
  • 6
  • 4
  • 2
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

E = (NIST-G4EMStandard)/NIST E = (NIST-G4LowEn)/NIST E (%) Photon Energy (MeV)

Comparison against NIST data

Fe

Tests by IST - Natl. Inst. for Cancer Research, Genova (F. Foppiano et al.)

Also water, Pb This test will be introduced into the Test & Analysis project for a systematic verification

LowE accuracy ~ 1%

UR 1.1

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Photon attenuation: Geant4 vs. NIST data

0.01 0.1 1 10 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Geant4 LowEn NIST µ /ρ (cm 2 /g) in iron Photon Energy (MeV) 0.01 0.1 1 10 0.1 1 10 Geant4 LowEn NIST µ /ρ (cm 2 /g) in water Photon Energy (MeV) 0.01 0.1 1 10
  • 16
  • 14
  • 12
  • 10
  • 8
  • 6
  • 4
  • 2
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Delta = (NIST-G4EMStand) / NIST Delta = (NIST-G4LowEn) / NIST Delta (%) Photon Energy (MeV) 0.01 0.1 1 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Geant4 LowEn NIST µ/ρ (cm 2 / g in lead Photon energy (MeV) 0.01 0.1 1
  • 10
  • 8
  • 6
  • 4
  • 2
2 4 6 8 10 E = (NIST - G4EM Standard)/NIST E = (NIST- G4LowEn)/NIST E (%) Photon Energy (MeV)

water Fe Pb

0.01 0.1 1 10
  • 18
  • 16
  • 14
  • 12
  • 10
  • 8
  • 6
  • 4
  • 2
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 E = (NIST-G4EMStandard)/NIST E = (NIST-G4LowEn)/NIST E (%) Photon Energy (MeV)

accuracy within 1%

  • Low Energy EM
  • Standard EM

w.r.t. NIST data

Test and validation by IST - Natl. Inst. for Cancer Research, Genova

UR 1.1

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Photons: angular distributions

Rayleigh scattering: Geant4-LowE and expected distribution (more work in progress)

UR 1.1

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Photons, evidence of shell effects

Photon transmission, 1 µm Al Photon transmission, 1 µm Pb

UR 1.1

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Electron Bremsstrahlung

New parameterisations of EEDL data library

– in response to problem reports from various users – precision is now ~ 1.5 %

Plans

– Systematic verification over Z and energy – Need Test & Analysis Project for automated verification

UR 1.1

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Electron ionisation

New parameterisations

  • f EEDL data library

– in response to problem reports from various users – precision is now better than 5 % for ~ 50% of the shells, poorer for the 50% left

Plans

– Systematic verification over shell, Z and energy – Need Test & Analysis Project for automated verification (all shells, 99 elements!)

UR 1.1

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Electrons: range

Range in various simple and composite materials Compared to NIST database

Al Al

Also Be, Fe, Au, Pb, Ur, air, water, bone, muscle, soft tissue Testbed for Test&Analysis prototype

UR 1.1

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Electrons: dE/dx

Ionisation energy loss in various materials Compared to Sandia database More systematic verification planned (for publication)

Also Fe, Ur

UR 1.1

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Electrons, transmitted

20 keV electrons, 0.32 and 1.04 µm Al

UR 1.1

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Protons

Straggling Stopping power

Z dependence for various energies

Ziegler and ICRU models Ziegler and ICRU, Fe Ziegler and ICRU, Si Nuclear stopping power Bragg peak (with hadronic interactions)

UR 2.1 UR 2.5

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Antiprotons

New: comparison with another theoretical model

– Non-linear calculation by Arista

and Lifschitz Dashed – Geant4 LowE proton Solid – Geant4 LowE Quantal Harmonic Oscillator model Dotted-dashed – Calculation by Arista and Lifschitz Points – Data from ASACUSA

UR 2.3

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Ions

Ar and C ions Deuterons

UR 2.2

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Polarisation Polarisation

250 eV -100 GeV

y O z x ξ θ α φ hν hν0

ε

A C θ Polar angle φ Azimuthal angle ε Polarization vector

      φ θ − ν ν + ν ν ν ν = Ω σ

2 2 2 2 2

cos sin 2 h h h h h h r 2 1 d d More details: talk on Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics

Other polarised processes under development

N cos sin 1 sin cos sin cos

2 2

= φ θ − = ξ ⇒ φ θ = ξ

β       φ θ θ − φ φ θ − = ε cos k ˆ cos cos sin N 1 j ˆ cos sin sin N 1 i ˆ N

2 ' ||

( )

β φ θ − θ = ε⊥ sin k ˆ sin sin j ˆ cos N 1

'

Cross section:

Scattered Photon Polarization

10 MeV

small ϑ large ϑ

100 keV

small ϑ large ϑ

1 MeV

small ϑ large ϑ

Low Energy Low Energy Polar ised Polar ised Compt on Compt on

UR 4.1, D.1

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Fluorescence

Scattered photons Fe lines GaAs lines

Spect rum f rom a Mars-simulant r ock sample

Microscopic validation: against reference data Experimental validation: test beam data, in collaboration with ESA Science Payload Division

UR 3.1

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Auger effect

New process, validation in progress

Auger electron emission from various materials Sn, 3 keV photon beam, electron lines w.r.t. published experimental results

UR 3.1

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Contribution from users

Many valuable contributions to the validation of LowE physics from users all over the world – excellent relationship with our user community User comparisons with data usually involve the effect

  • f several physics processes of the LowE package

A small sample in the next slides – no time to show all!

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

  • P. Rodrigues, A. Trindade, L.Peralta, J. Varela

GEANT4 Medical Applications at LIP GEANT4 Medical Applications at LIP

GEANT4 Workshop, 2002 30 September – 4 October

LIP – Lisbon

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Homogeneous Phantom Homogeneous Phantom

10x10 cm2 15x15 cm2 10x10 cm2 Differences 15x15 cm2 Differences

  • Simulation of photon beams produced by a Siemens

Mevatron KD2 clinical linear accelerator

  • Phase-space distributions interface with GEANT4
  • Validation against experimental data: depth dose and

profile curves

  • P. Rodrigues, A. Trindade, L.Peralta, J. Varela, LIP

LIP – Lisbon

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Electron Transport at Low Energies Electron Transport at Low Energies

GEANT4 (Low+Std)

  • Evaluation of electron range for different GEANT4 releases

Styrophoam Lead

  • P. Rodrigues, A. Trindade, L.Peralta, J. Varela, LIP
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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Dose Calculations with 12C Dose Calculations with 12C

Bragg peak localization calculated with GEANT4 (stopping powers

from ICRU49 and Ziegler85) and GEANT3 in a water phantom

Comparison with GSI data

  • P. Rodrigues, A. Trindade, L.Peralta, J. Varela, LIP
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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Geant4 low energy validation

Jean-Francois Carrier, Louis Archambault, Rene Roy and Luc Beaulieu

Service de radio-oncologie, Hotel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada Departement de physique, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada The following results will be published soon. They are part

  • f a general Geant4 low energy validation project.
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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

  • Using Geant4, we calculated depth-dose curves for many

different electron or photon sources:

  • Beams
  • monoenergetic beam
  • realistic clinical accelerator beam
  • Point sources
  • monoenergetic source
  • source with real nuclide energy spectra
  • and different irradiated media:
  • Homogeneous
  • water, Be, Mo or U
  • Heterogeneous
  • water/Al/lung/water
  • water/air/steel/air/water

Jean-Francois Carrier, Louis Archambault, Rene Roy and Luc Beaulieu

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Uranium irradiated by electron beam

Fig 1. Depth-dose curve for a semi-infinite uranium slab irradiated by a 0.5 MeV broad parallel electron beam

1Chibani O and Li X A, Med. Phys. 29 (5), May 2002

Jean-Francois Carrier, Louis Archambault, Rene Roy and Luc Beaulieu

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Multi-slab medium irradiated by photons

Fig 2. Depth-dose curve for a multi-slab medium irradiated by a 18 MV realistic clinical accelerator photon beam

2Rogers D W O and Mohan

R,http://www.irs.inms.nrc.ca/inms/irs/papers/iccr00/iccr00.html

Jean-Francois Carrier, Louis Archambault, Rene Roy and Luc Beaulieu

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Water phantom irradiated by clinac beam

Fig 3. Relative dose distribution for a water phantom irradiated by a 6 MeV Clinac 2100C electron beam

3Ding G X and Rogers D W O

http://gold.sao.nrc.ca/inms/papers/PIRS439/pirs439.html

Jean-Francois Carrier, Louis Archambault, Rene Roy and Luc Beaulieu

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Ions

Independent validation at

  • Univ. of Linz (H. Paul et al.)

Geant4-LowE reproduces the right side of the distribution precisely, but about 10-20% discrepancy is

  • bserved at lower energies
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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Dose distribution: TG 43 protocol, experimental data (S. Paolo Hospital, Savona), G4-LowE

S.

  • S. Guatelli’s

Guatelli’s thesis thesis

Protocol Data (SV) G4-LowE

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Application

Courtesy of S. Magni, Borexino

Not only Not only “space and medical”! “space and medical”!

Cosmic rays, jovian electrons Solar X-rays, e, p

Courtesy SOHO EIT

and more!

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Team work!

Students

J ean-Francois Carrier St ephane Chauvie Elena Guardincerri Susanna Guat elli Alf onso Mant ero Pedro Rodrigues Andreia Trindade Mat t eo Tropeano

Geant 4 Low Energy Elect romagnet ic Working Group + users all over t he world

Thanks t o all!

The validation plots in this presentation have been contributed by

19 people from 9 countries

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Further physics improvements and extensions

Various projects in progress – all motivated by requirements in the URD Some examples in the following slides – no time to show all!

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

  • Current bremstrahlung polar angle generation scheme is independent
  • f both atomic number, Z, and emitted photon momentum, k
  • Does not account variations due to the screening of the nucleus by

the atomic electrons

  • At generator level, for 50 keV incident electrons with k/T=0.7 in Ag

Bremsstrahlung Models Bremsstrahlung Models

New model (2BN) to be implemented by LIP group

UR A.5

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Polarisation

Polarisation of a non-polarised photon beam, simulation and theory theory simulation

Ratio between intensity with perpendicular and parallel polarisation vector w.r.t. scattering plane, linearly polarised photons

UR 1.4, 4.1

500 million events

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Ongoing signif icant ef f ort in OOAD Ongoing signif icant ef f ort in OOAD

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Other activities in the WG

Advanced examples Simulation + analysis in a distributed computing environment Test & Analysis Technology transfer Training

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Technology transfer

Particle physics software aids space and medicine

M.G. Pia and J. Knobloch Geant4 is a showcase example of technology transfer from particle physics to other fields such as space and medical science […]. CERN Courier, June 2002

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Talks

since last workshop

in WG web

1. The Geant4 Toolkit: simulation capabilities and application results M.G. Pia et al., 8th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors, Siena, 2002 2. Geant4: a powerful tool for medical physics

  • E. Lamanna et al., 8th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors, Siena, 2002

3. Dose calculation for radiotherapic treatment on a distributed computing environment

  • S. Chauvie et al., 8th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors, Siena, 2002

4. Parallel Geant4 simulation in medical and space science applications

  • J. Moscicki et al., 8th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors, Siena, 2002

5. Simulation and analysis for astroparticle experiments

  • A. Howard et al., 8th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors, Siena, 2002

6. Leipzig applicators Montecarlo simulations: results and comparison with experimental and manufacturer's data

  • M. Tropeano et al., 21st ESTRO Meeting, Prague, 2002

7. Tools for simulation and analysis

  • A. Pfeiffer and M.G. Pia (for the Geant4 and Anaphe Collaborations), ICHEP02, Amsterdam, 2002

8. The Geant4 Simulation Toolkit and Its Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics Package

  • S. Chauvie et al., 44th Annual Meeting of the American Ass. of Physicists in Medicine, Montreal, 2002

9. The Geant4 Toolkit: Overview

  • M. G. Pia, Invited lecture at the MCNEG Workshop, Stoke-on-Trent, UK, 2002

10. Medical applications of the Geant4 Simulation Toolkit

  • M. G. Pia, Invited lecture at the MCNEG Workshop, Stoke-on-Trent, UK, 2002

11. Simulation software: applications and results in the bio-medical domain

  • M. G. Pia et al., VII International Conference on Advanced Technologies and Particle Physics, Como, 2001

12. From HEP computing to bio-medical research and vice-versa: technology transfer and application results

  • M. G. Pia et al., Plenary talk at CHEP 2001, Beijing, China, 2001

13. Architecture of Collaborating Frameworks A.Pfeiffer et al., CHEP2001, Beijing, China, 2001 14. Simulation For Astroparticle Experiments And Planetary Explorations A.Brunengo (for the Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Group), CHEP2001, Beijing, China, 2001 15. Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics

  • M. G. Pia (for the Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Group), CHEP2001, Beijing, China, 2001

16. The GEANT4 simulation toolkit

  • G. Santin, Monte Carlo Workshop for Nuclear Medicine applications, July 2001

17. Geant4: simulation capabilities and application results M.G. Pia (for the Geant4 Collaboration), EPS-HEP Conference, Budapest, July 2001

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Training

National School on Detector Technologies, Torino, Feb. 2002 – Lectures + “Geant4 through an example” Geant4 & Anaphe mini-workshop, Gran Sasso Lab, July 2002 – Tutorials + “Geant4 through an example” +demo Geant4 User Workshop, Salamanca, July 2002 – Lectures + exercises Geant4 & Anaphe mini-workshop, INFN-LNS Lab, November 2002 – Tutorials + + “Geant4 through an example” +demo “Geant4 through an example” +demo

User User -

  • cent ric approach:

cent ric approach:

– I nt roduct ion t o “advanced” sof t ware engineering concept s – Complet e (f rom t he user’s view) t raining: simulat ion + analysis

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Resources

New collaborators:

– Pablo Cirrone (INFN-LNS) – Luis Peralta, Pedro Rodrigues, Andreia Trindade (LIP, Lisbon) – Interest expressed by small group at INFN-Gran Sasso Lab

Status on 1 September 2002

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Conclusions

We do a lot of work

– and we do our best to do it well… – a rigorous software process

rigorous software process, continuous SPI

– very effective team team-

  • work

work, several brilliant and motivated young collaborators

We have plenty of interesting physics results in a new (and difficult) simulation domain

– significant progress in the last year in a few problematic areas – don’t forget in what status we inherited the package, when the WG was created!

A huge user community worldwide

– excellent, constructive relationship between users and developers – more support for our activities outside the Collaboration than inside???

Many projects in the WG, not only physics

– Testing system, analysis, advanced examples, general electromagnetic OOAD, distributed computing, technology transfer

More inf ormat ion in ht t p:/ / www. ht t p:/ / www.ge ge. .inf n inf n.it / geant 4/ .it / geant 4/ lowE lowE