KEEP THE WATER FLOWING Post-Construction Support for Rural Water Service Providers UNC Water and Health Conference October 29, 2015
INTRODUCTIONS
BEYOND FUNCTIONALITY Water service levels - Ghana 100% 90% 22% 29% 30% 80% 70% 60% 38% 50% 40% 74% 68% 30% 20% 34% 10% 3% 2% 0% Akatsi E Gonja Sunyani West Basic Substandard Broken down/not used Source: adapted from Adank et al, 2012
BEYOND THE PROJECT • Circuit riders • Area mechanics • Supply chains for spare parts • Monitoring & water quality testing • Professionalization of community water committees • Associations of community water committees • Smart pumps
POST CONSTRUCTION SUPPORT COSTS Comparison of % users receiving a basic service level with maintenance expenditure per user Comparison of percentage of users receiving a basic service level with maintenance expenditure per user of different schemes Source: (122) Source: Burr et al, 2012
POST CONSTRUCTION SUPPORT KPIS Frequency of support visits Source: Smits 2012
POST CONSTRUCTION SUPPORT KPIS Reliability of Handpumps in Ghana 100% 90% 33% 80% 70% 70% 60% 50% 40% 67% 30% 20% 30% 10% 0% Preventive maintenance not executed Preventive maintenance executed Reliable Not Reliable Source: adapted from Atengdem, Gyamfi, & Shahadu, 2013
POST CONSTRUCTION SUPPORT KPIS Functionality of Water Points in Tanzania Source: Holbro et al 2015
FOR MORE INFORMATION Susan Davis sdavis@improveinternational.org www.improveinternational.org
Different types of institutional support arrangements in India: synthesis of findings from 20 case studies from the Community Water Plus project “Keep the water flowing”, UNC, 27th October 2015 Ruchika Shiva @IRCWASH Supported by
Introduction & Rationale • Challenges of sustainability & moving up the service delivery ladder in rural water supply • Community management is “dominant” but has reached “limits” so needs to adapt or perish?! • Community Water Plus investigates successful examples of community management to understand the institutional set-up and resource implications of effective support organisations Supported by
Community Water Plus 20 cases across India Supported by
Research Framework Supported by
Institutional set-up at the Community Service Provider level End of Community Management? High Direct provision with Community Involvement O KA Urban-Style KI & KII Utilitisation Community involvement CBM+ HP GI & GII Direct with CI P U CM+ WB AP S Community Management MP R plus MG Community-Based TN I & II Management plus M Low J C High Low PROFESSIONALISATION OF COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT ?
Institutional Set-up at the Enabling Support Environment level Typology Characteristics Cases Public Health Engineering Public agency, highly technical, implementation focus, low intensity on-going Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Meghalaya, Department (PHED) Supported support for communities Rajasthan, Maharashtra PHED-Local Government PHED with additional support from the PRI (local-government), PRI monitors Tamil Nadu (x2), Sikkim Institutions Supported and provides administrative support to communities, PHED provides technical support. Reformed Rural Water Supply Reformed PHEDs that provided integrated support – including both hardware Gujarat (x2), Kerala Agencies and software support – within single public agency. Public-Donor Partnerships International donors support public agencies with additional finance, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, technical expertise and monitoring. Public agencies operate as proto-RRWSA. Punjab, Kerala Public-NGO Partnerships NGOs in partnerships with public agencies to fulfill ‘gaps’ in provision or pilot Madhya Pradesh new approaches. West Bengal Tamil Nadu (CEC) NGO Supported NGOs act as primary ESE taking responsibility for both hardware and software Orissa support with minimal government involvement. Andhra Pradesh Uttarakhand
Institutional matching Direct Provision Community Comments Typologies with Community Community Based Urban Style ESE/CSP Involvement Management Plus Management Plus Utilitisation Public Health ✔ ✔ "Low participation" Engineering Department Long-term scale (PHED) "Direct provision or voluntary ✔ ✔ PHED + Local Community Government Management Plus" Institutions (PRIs) "Professionalising ✔ Reformed Rural Community Water Supply Management" Agency Bridging "Supporting ✔ ✔ transition towards Public-Donor professionalisation" Partnership "Lower stage Learning ✔ ✔ transition and Public-NGO experimentation" Partnership "Learning, pilots, ✔ ✔ Supported by small-scale" NGO
Discussion – but does the type of institutional model matter with wealth?
Common themes in successful support systems • High-levels of specialist implementation support – including software component • Integrating post-construction support into decentralised bodies (i.e. local government & bodies) • Standardisation of support functions to ensure minimal benchmark • Yet enough flexibility to provide ‘needs - based’ support (i.e. at times of disruption – local elections, VWSC staff migrating away from village) • Monitoring functionality, auditing & water quality testing • Across many case studies significant external subsidy for Operational Expenditure (i.e. energy subsidy, labour subsidy) Supported by
Conclusions • Different institutional set-ups are found in successful community management programmes across India • The most diversity in successful models is found in richer states indicating the type of model becomes less relevant in richer contexts • Synthesis findings only emerging so much more to come – for further information, individual case study reports and updates please visit: http://www.ircwash.org/projects/india-community-water-plus-project • Any further questions feel free to contact Ruchika, Stef Smits, IRC, at smits@ircwash.org, ruchika@ircwash.org Supported by
The Circuit Rider Methodology Victoria M. Cuéllar, MPH Circuit Rider Program Manager @DRICIWAS 21
The Problem Donor organizations focus on infrastructure Most small water systems struggle to provide a consistent safe water supply after implementation due to: Lack of funding Lack of qualified staff Weak governance Poor tariff settings Lack of supply chain for parts and supplies
The Cir ircuit Ri Rider Mod odel Qualified traveling technicians visit a number of water systems/ System communities, providing support A and assistance System System Each Circuit Rider will visit 20 – 40 F B systems, 4 – 6 times over the course of a year System System E C System D
Services Provided Technical assistance on system repair, source water protection, and water quality Administrative assistance for improved governance and financial management Capacity building to community water boards for WASH promotion activities Support for integrated water resources and watershed management
DRI’s Center for International Water and Sustainability (CI (CIWAS) DRI has been involved in providing technical capacity building to water project staff in West Africa since 1991 CIWAS was created with a grant from the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation to address gaps that exist in knowledge, research, and human resource capacity that persist in developing countries, especially those that assist in reducing health related issues and design of sustainable WASH programs
DR DRI I Ci Circuit Rid ider Program DRI’s Circuit Rider (CR) program will address capacity needs in developing countries by providing on-site assistance and on the job training in three key areas: Technical Managerial and Financial Community and Water Resources/Watershed Management
Next Steps Adapt existing curricula to include sanitation and hygiene components Include monitoring and evaluation (M&E) tools and the use of mobile technology M&E of existing CR programs in Latin America Continue to grow existing and create new CR programs across Latin America Adapt the CR methodology to the African context Proposed pilot in Ghana
The Circuit Rider Model in El Salvador: Improvements in Drinking Water Quality & Sustainability Georgia Kayser, PhD @UNC_Water_Inst William Moomaw, Jeff Griffiths Tufts University
Methodology Selection of 60 communities 120 Interviews 252 Water Quality Tests 126 Residual Chlorine Tests Key Informant Interviews Collaborating Organizations 1. ASSA – Asociacion Salvadoreña de Servicios de Agua 2. IRWA – International Rural Water Association
Variable Control Circuit Rider Private HH connection 91% 89% Source water = ground water 56% 57% Source water = spring 38% 32% Pump used to access/distribute water 78% 82% Average # HHs served 300 272 NGO constructed system 65% 75% Average age of system 13 years 12 years Distance from nearest paved road .68 km 1 km
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