June 8 th , 2011 1 Table of contents: Literature review The - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
june 8 th 2011
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

June 8 th , 2011 1 Table of contents: Literature review The - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sep 27, 2022 12 likes •698 views

American University of Beirut Spring 2010 - 2011 LDEM 630 Natural resource management Presented To: Dr Rania Al Masri Presented By: Carla Aoun Diana Mikati Hamdan Hamdan June 8 th , 2011 1 Table of contents: Literature review The Bwarej

slide-1
SLIDE 1

Presented To: Dr Rania Al Masri Presented By: Carla Aoun Diana Mikati Hamdan Hamdan

1

American University of Beirut Spring 2010 - 2011 LDEM 630 Natural resource management

June 8th, 2011

slide-2
SLIDE 2

Table of contents:

Literature review The Bwarej Case Study Methodology Sustainable Livelihood Approach Problem tree analysis Discussion Conclusion and Recommendations References

2

slide-3
SLIDE 3

Literature review 1

1. One of the most important sectors in the country. Contributes about 7% to GDP and employs around 12% full time farmers of the active population. Main agricultural crops: Cereals, fruits, vegetables, olives, grapes, and tobacco Livestock production: mostly sheep and goat herding Variety of agricultural lands, from the interior plateau of the Bekaa Valley to the narrow valleys leading downward to the sea farmers can grow both European and Tropical crops.

(US Library of Congress, Federation of International Trade Associations, 2008; Charara, 2010) http://www.fita.org/countries/lebanon.html ،ةيعارزلا تاجتنملا2004)) 3

slide-4
SLIDE 4

http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/middle_east_and_asia/lebanon_econ_1 979.jpg 4

Map showing the distribution of the agricultural lands and crops in Lebanon.

slide-5
SLIDE 5

Literature review 2

Situated between Mount Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains. 120 km in length with an average width of about 16 km. Characterized by a Mediterranean climate of wet, often snowy winters and dry, warm summers. The Northern region receives limited rainfall. The most fertile agricultural land where most of the agricultural practices take place. (40% of Lebanon's arable land)

(Global Eye, 2006) 5

slide-6
SLIDE 6

Literature review 3

(MoA, 2007) 6

Distribution of crop areas (hectares) by Mohafaza in 2005.

slide-7
SLIDE 7

Literature review 4

The valley also produces hashish and cultivates opium poppies exported as part of the illegal drug trade. the Litany hydroelectricity project

7

(Global Eye, 2006)

slide-8
SLIDE 8

Literature review 5

Revived after the civil war (1975-1990) The Bekaa area houses a dozen of vineyards or wineries which produce around 6 million bottles a year and export 2 million bottles especially to France. Wine tasting has taken a touristic portrait.

(Global Eye, 2006) 8

slide-9
SLIDE 9

The Bwarej Case Study 1

a Lebanese village located on the Eastern side of the Knaysse Mountain, Bekaa. accessible from different areas via two main entrances: Daher Al Baydar or Chtoura. 41 km away from Beirut stretches over an area of 347 hectares (3.47 km²).

(MOA, 1999) 9

slide-10
SLIDE 10

(Google Maps, satellite) 10

Satellite picture of Bwarej from Google maps, retrieved on March 9, 2011

slide-11
SLIDE 11

The Bwarej Case Study 2

This village is between 1,350 and 1,600 m above sea level The weather is generally cold and dry even in the summer. The village overlooks an amazing panoramic view of the Bekaa Valley from every corner.

(Al Bast, M. personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 11

Panoramic view of the Bekaa valley, picture taken by Diana Mikati, May 15,2011

slide-12
SLIDE 12

The Bwarej Case Study 3

The Municipality counted 1,312 registered voters in 2010 elections, but The number of villagers ranges from 4,000 to 5,000 people, according to the head of municipality. Bwarej's five main families are: Jaber, El bast, Chahine, Kattan, and Jabre. The municipality of Bwarej is a part of the Kaza of

  • Zahleh. It is an independent local administration.

(2010 تامولعملل ةًيلودلا) (Al Bast, M. personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 12

slide-13
SLIDE 13

The Bwarej Case Study 4

After the first round of elections in 1998, the municipality was revived after being suspended for ~50 years. The municipality takes care of most of the services in the village : infrastructure, maintenance , solid waste management and collection of fees and taxes.

13

Picture of the Municipality taken by Carla Aoun, May 15th, 2011

slide-14
SLIDE 14

The Bwarej Case Study 5

“The municipality is trying to control everything as much as it can, even though there is a lack of archives and accessible data to the population”- Mr. Al-Bast No records or data available in the municipality Few private companies/firms from

  • utside the village pass by to conduct

surveys

(Al Bast, M. personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 14

slide-15
SLIDE 15

The Bwarej Case Study 6

vulnerabilities

15

slide-16
SLIDE 16

Methodology 1

16

slide-17
SLIDE 17

Methodology 2

17

slide-18
SLIDE 18

Methodology 3

18

slide-19
SLIDE 19

Sustainable livelihood approach 1

19

slide-20
SLIDE 20

Sustainable livelihood approach 2

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 20

slide-21
SLIDE 21

Sustainable livelihood approach 3

(Chahine, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 21

slide-22
SLIDE 22

Sustainable livelihood approach 4

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 22

slide-23
SLIDE 23

Sustainable livelihood approach 5

.

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 23

slide-24
SLIDE 24

24

Pictures 1, 2 and 3 represent different water sources, taken by Carla Aoun, April 1st, 2011.

slide-25
SLIDE 25

Sustainable livelihood approach 6

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 25

slide-26
SLIDE 26

26

Pictures 1,2,3&4 of old and current water canals, taken by Carla Aoun on May 15th, 2011

slide-27
SLIDE 27

27

These are the pipes that are opened during the drought seasons so that water flows in them and irrigates the agricultural lands.

Picture of water canals taken by Carla Aoun on may 15th, 2011

slide-28
SLIDE 28

Sustainable livelihood approach 7

.

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 28

slide-29
SLIDE 29

Sustainable livelihood approach 8

29 Column1 SRB building; cooler drinking water; 18/5/2011 Bwarej water spring notes pH 7.66 7.73 total dissolved solids 397 156 EPA's recommended maximum of TDS in water is 500ppm, more is bad taste calcium hardness 2.03 0.93 ml of EDTA to neutralize hardness in 10ml sample total hardness 3.17 1.49 ml of EDTA to neutralize hardness in 10ml sample chlorides 3.428 0.93 ml of silver nitrate to neutralize chlorides in 10ml sample conductivity 832 microSiemens 308 microSiemens drinking water range 30 to 1500 microSiemens, lower is better ammonia mg/L

slide-30
SLIDE 30

Sustainable livelihood approach 9

(Jaber, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 30

slide-31
SLIDE 31

31

Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

slide-32
SLIDE 32

Sustainable livelihood approach 10

(MoA, 2004) 32

Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

slide-33
SLIDE 33

Sustainable livelihood approach 11

.

33

Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

slide-34
SLIDE 34

34

Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

slide-35
SLIDE 35

35

Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

slide-36
SLIDE 36

36

Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

Field mouse burrows

slide-37
SLIDE 37

Sustainable livelihood approach 12

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 37

slide-38
SLIDE 38

Sustainable livelihood approach 13

38

Unfortunately, on the 2nd of June 2011, it was announced on TV and in newspapers, by the head of Municipality, that the village has been suffering from deficiency in electricity, as well as water availability due to theft of electrical cables for 3 consecutive days. Unknown people stole 2,200 meters of cables by cutting down six wooden electrical poles.

A villager showing the broken electrical poles. Picture retrieved from assafir newspaper on June 2nd, 2011.

slide-39
SLIDE 39

Sustainable livelihood approach 14

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 39

slide-40
SLIDE 40

Sustainable livelihood approach 15

40

Pictures 1 and 2 represent the dairy plant found in Bwarej. Pictures taken by Carla Aoun, April 2, 2011

slide-41
SLIDE 41

Sustainable livelihood approach 16

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 41

slide-42
SLIDE 42

Sustainable livelihood approach 17

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 42

Picture of the school’s sign, taken by Carla Aoun on April 1st, 2011.

slide-43
SLIDE 43

Sustainable livelihood approach 18

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 43

slide-44
SLIDE 44

Sustainable livelihood approach 19

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 44

All the buildings clustered in 1 area of the village. Picture taken by Carla Aoun on May 15th, 2011.

slide-45
SLIDE 45

Sustainable livelihood approach 20

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 45

slide-46
SLIDE 46

Sustainable livelihood approach 21

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 46

slide-47
SLIDE 47

Sustainable livelihood approach 22

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 47

slide-48
SLIDE 48

Sustainable livelihood approach 23

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 48

slide-49
SLIDE 49

Sustainable livelihood approach 24

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 49

slide-50
SLIDE 50

Problem tree analysis 1

dumpsite sanitary landfill sorting facility

(ELARD, 2004) 50

slide-51
SLIDE 51

(ELARD, 2004) 51

MSW Generation project for 2004 (ELARD, 2004)

slide-52
SLIDE 52

52

Zahlé sanitary landfill. Retrieved from: http://libanconsult.com/landfill2L.html

slide-53
SLIDE 53

Problem tree analysis 2

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 53

slide-54
SLIDE 54

54

Pictures taken by Diana Mikati on May 15th, 2011

slide-55
SLIDE 55

55

Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

slide-56
SLIDE 56

56

Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

slide-57
SLIDE 57

Problem tree analysis 3

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 57

slide-58
SLIDE 58

Problem tree analysis 4

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011) 58

slide-59
SLIDE 59

59

Solid wastes

Uncontrolled expansion of buildings No proper SWM plans Not enough garbage containers Recreational activities with no collection of SW People thinking that nature can clean itself No awareness concerning the consequences

  • f SW

Causes of the solid waste problem in Bwarej

slide-60
SLIDE 60

60

Solid wastes

Pollution of surface and underground water Pollution of soil Air pollution Bad scenery and smell (aesthetic damage) Pests and diseases

Effects of the solid wastes problem in Bwarej

slide-61
SLIDE 61

Discussion

61

slide-62
SLIDE 62

62

Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

slide-63
SLIDE 63

63

Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

slide-64
SLIDE 64

Conclusion

64

slide-65
SLIDE 65

65

Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

slide-66
SLIDE 66

References

http://www.globaleye.org.uk/secondary_spring06/eyeon/bekaavalley.html http://www.localiban.org/IMG/pdf/Municipal_elections_2010-ar.pdf http://www.agriculture.gov.lb/french_file/CD_ZAH_Final/zoneshomogenes.htm http://countrystudies.us/lebanon/71.htm http://ia600509.us.archive.org/11/items/AgricultureSectorInLebanon/AgricultureSectorInLebanon.pdf http://www.agriculture.gov.lb/ATLAS_%20AGRICOLE/atlas.html

66

slide-67
SLIDE 67

References

http://www.agriculture.gov.lb/english_file/Production_Final_05_En.pdf http://www.cnrs.edu.lb/info/darwiche3.pdf http://www.metap- solidwaste.org/fileadmin/documents/National_activities/studies/R5-NWS2- Training_Manual-FINAL.pdf http://www.fita.org/countries/lebanon.html

67

slide-68
SLIDE 68

68