Investor Presentation
January 2019
Nasdaq: SCHN
Investor Presentation January 2019 Nasdaq: SCHN Safe Harbor SAFE - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Investor Presentation January 2019 Nasdaq: SCHN Safe Harbor SAFE HARBOR Statements and information included in this presentation by Schnitzer Steel Industries, Inc. (the Company) that are not purely historical are forward-looking
January 2019
Nasdaq: SCHN
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SAFE HARBOR
Statements and information included in this presentation by Schnitzer Steel Industries, Inc. (the “Company”) that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and are made pursuant to the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Except as noted herein or as the context may otherwise require, all references to “we,” “our,” “us,” “Company,” “Schnitzer,” and “SSI” refer to the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. Forward-looking statements in this presentation include statements regarding future events or our expectations, intentions, beliefs and strategies regarding the future, which may include statements regarding trends, cyclicality and changes in the markets we sell into; the Company’s outlook, growth initiatives or expected results or objectives, including pricing, margins, sales volumes and profitability; strategic direction or goals; targets; changes to manufacturing and production processes; the cost of and the status of any agreements or actions related to our compliance with environmental and other laws; expected tax rates, deductions and credits and the impact of federal tax reform; the impact of tariffs, quotas and other trade actions; the realization of deferred tax assets; planned capital expenditures; liquidity positions; ability to generate cash from continuing operations; the potential impact of adopting new accounting pronouncements; obligations under our retirement plans; benefits, savings or additional costs from business realignment, cost containment and productivity improvement programs; and the adequacy of accruals. Forward-looking statements by their nature address matters that are, to different degrees, uncertain, and often contain words such as “outlook,” “target,” “aim,” “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “assumes,” “estimates,” “evaluates,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “opinions,” “forecasts,” “projects,” “plans,” “future,” “forward,” “potential,” “probable,” and similar expressions. However, the absence of these words or similar expressions does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. We may make other forward-looking statements from time to time, including in reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, press releases, presentations and on public conference
statements, except as may be required by law. Our business is subject to the effects of changes in domestic and global economic conditions and a number of other risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those included in, or implied by, such forward-looking statements. Some of these risks and uncertainties are discussed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors”
environmental cleanup costs related to the Portland Harbor Superfund site or other locations; the cyclicality and impact of general economic conditions; changing conditions in global markets including the impact of tariffs, quotas and other trade actions; volatile supply and demand conditions affecting prices and volumes in the markets for both our products and raw materials we purchase; imbalances in supply and demand conditions in the global steel industry; the impact of goodwill impairment charges; the impact of long-lived asset and equity investment impairment charges; inability to achieve or sustain the benefits from productivity, cost savings and restructuring initiatives; difficulties associated with acquisitions and integration of acquired businesses; customer fulfillment of their contractual obligations; increases in the relative value of the U.S. dollar; the impact of foreign currency fluctuations; potential limitations on our ability to access capital resources and existing credit facilities; restrictions on our business and financial covenants under our bank credit agreement; the impact of consolidation in the steel industry; inability to realize expected benefits from investments in technology; freight rates and the availability of transportation; the impact of equipment upgrades, equipment failures and facility damage on production; product liability claims; the impact of legal proceedings and legal compliance; the adverse impact of climate change; the impact of not realizing deferred tax assets; the impact of tax increases and changes in tax rules; the impact of one or more cybersecurity incidents; environmental compliance costs and potential environmental liabilities; inability to obtain or renew business licenses and permits or renew facility leases; compliance with climate change and greenhouse gas emission laws and regulations; reliance on employees subject to collective bargaining agreements; and the impact of the underfunded status of multiemployer plans in which we participate.
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
This presentation contains certain non-GAAP financial measures as defined under SEC rules. Reconciliations of the non-GAAP financial measures contained in this presentation to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure are provided in the Appendix. These non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures.
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─ 51 auto parts stores purchase more than 400,000 salvage vehicles annually ─ 44 metals recycling facilities collect obsolete machinery and equipment, railroad cars and tracks, automobiles, home appliances, consumer goods, manufacturing, construction and demolition metal
─ 3.7 million long tons of ferrous* and 572 million pounds of nonferrous metal annually for use in steel and other manufacturing globally
─ Steel manufacturing facility in Oregon with effective annual production capacity of 580 thousand tons ─ Long product producer of rebar and wire rod from recycled scrap for construction markets on the West Coast and Western Canada ─ Also includes metals recycling and deep water export operation in Portland, OR with 4 metals recycling yards, selling externally and delivering to our steel mill approx. 0.6 million long tons of ferrous* metal annually
Schnitzer Steel Industries, Inc. (SSI) is a leading North American Auto and Metals Recycler and West Coast Steel Manufacturer
global steel manufacturers
retail visits
Cascade Steel & Scrap (CSS)
Company data based on fiscal 2018 *Total SSI volumes are 4.3 million long tons of ferrous in fiscal 2018, including volumes sold externally by AMR and CSS, and delivered to our steel mill for finished steel production.
Auto and Metals Recycling (AMR)
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Sourcing scrap through 95 auto parts and metals recycling facilities in North America and providing processed recycled metals to customers around the world
Asia EAME Americas
Northwest 15 AMR 5 CSS Northeast 11 AMR Southwest and Hawaii 29 AMR Midwest and South 17 AMR Southeast and Puerto Rico 19 AMR
Schnitzer export facilities Export destinations CSS Steel Mill
(1) Europe, Africa and Middle East (2) Domestic includes CSS, brokerage and other FY18 Ferrous Sales Volume Destinations
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3,289 3,628 4,299 FY16 FY17 FY18
SSI Volumes
Ferrous (000s LT)
$28 $54 $147
FY16 FY17 FY18 Consolidated Adjusted Operating Income
($M)
+429% +429% Note: For a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP of adjusted operating income and adjusted EPS from continuing operations, see appendix. *FY18 adjusted EPS includes discrete income tax benefits of $1.58 from the release of valuation allowances on deferred tax assets and tax reform.
$0.69 $1.53 $5.39 FY16 FY17 FY18
Adjusted EPS*
+678% +678%
$166 $138 $103 FY16 FY17 FY18
Net Debt ($M)
510 585 636 FY16 FY17 FY18
SSI Volumes
Nonferrous (M LB) +25% +25%
$99 $100 $160 FY16 FY17 FY18
Operating Cash Flow ($M)
+61% +61% +31% +31%
Strategic initiatives to increase volumes and expand margins, supported by positive market conditions, have been delivering steady growth
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Consolidated Financial Performance AMR Volume Growth Strong CSS Performance
Adjusted EPS from Continuing Operations of $0.58, the second highest first quarter performance since fiscal ‘11 Consolidated Adjusted Operating Income of $23 million Targeting $35 million in annual productivity initiatives
improvements announced 4Q18
New Productivity Initiatives
CSS Operating Income of $12 million, best Q1 operating income since fiscal ‘08
Expect further investments in nonferrous processing technology during fiscal ‘19 Repurchased 150,000 shares in 1Q19 and paid 99th consecutive quarterly dividend
Focused Capital Allocation
Note: For a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP of adjusted operating income and adjusted EPS from continuing operations, see appendix.
Ferrous sales volumes up YoY by 15%; SSI volume target of 5 million tons Nonferrous sales volumes up YoY by 18%, demonstrating sales diversification
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Aluminum vs. Zorba Market Price Trends Iron Ore & Met Coal Price Trends
($/ton)
Ferrous Market Price Trends
($/ton)
1Q18 1Q18 1Q19 1Q19 1Q18 1Q19
36% decrease in exports from 2016 36% decrease in exports from 2016
Chinese Steel Export & Utilization Trends
Sources: Platts, Argus, AMM.com, Worldsteel.org, OECD CFR price includes loading and transportation costs to the destination port; FOB price only includes loading and transportation costs to the named location. *Aluminum based on 3 Mo LME Aluminum, and Aluminum Scrap Zorba is CIF China prices. **Trailing 12 months ended November 30, 2018
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1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 South Korea China Turkey Taiwan Mexico Canada Vietnam Bangladesh Malaysia Indonesia
U.S. Ferrous Scrap Exports (000s tons)
production growth in a number of key countries in 1H of CY18
demonstrating broad-based and growing demand – The 10 countries on the top right represent 75% of total U.S. ferrous scrap exports for the 2018 period
exports, projected growth of EAF share of steel-making capacity provides support for future scrap demand growth in the country
Sources: United States International Trade Commission, BIR, World Steel Association, Barclays Research
Ferrous Scrap Consumption Jan - Jun Crude Steel Production Jan - Jun 2018 2017 % Change % Change China 87.7 62.2 +41.0 +6.0 EU-28 48.0 48.1
+1.6 USA 23.7 22.8 +3.9 +2.9 Japan 18.5 17.9 +3.6 +1.3 Turkey 15.9 15.1 +4.9 +3.7 South Korea 15.0 15.5
+3.7 Russia 11.4 10.3 +11.1 +3.2
40 80 120 160 2015 2017 2025F
Chinese EAF Steel Production Crude Steel Production (Mt) Scrap Consumption vs. Crude Steel Production (Mt)
China expected to increase EAF capacity by >100Mt from 2015 to 2025 January - October CY18 CY16 Total US ferrous scrap exports increased 21% from Jan – Oct 2018 YoY
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Note: LFQ is Last Four Quarters
39% 46% 15% 34% 38% 28% 40% 27% 33%
0 % 5 % 1 0 % 1 5 % 2 0 % 2 5 % 3 0 % 3 5 % 4 0 % 4 5 % 5 0 %Domestic China All others
SSI Total Nonferrous Volumes by Destination
FY17 FY18 1Q19
SSI Total LFQ 1Q19 Nonferrous Product Mix by Volume
Nonferrous Other Nonferrous from shredder production
Demonstrated ability to diversify sales destinations
with greatest demand
Changing trade dynamics are shifting demand for nonferrous products and impacting prices
China is increasing as production shifts to new markets
Balanced nonferrous product mix and customer base
FY17 FY18 1Q19 FY17 FY18 1Q19
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tons, reflecting retained capacity
base and increase supply flows
access and reach
Grow Profitable Volumes Productivity Initiatives Roll Out New Technology & Expand Product Optionality
technology in 2019/2020 to increase throughput, lower processing costs, improve recovery rates and create products with the metallic content sought by our customers
initiatives
$10 million of productivity improvements announced 4Q18
million Corporate
Operational Excellence Environmental Stewardship Strategic Priorities Strong Balance Sheet
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$400 $600 $800 Apr‐17 May‐17 Jun‐17 Jul‐17 Aug‐17 Sep‐17 Oct‐17 Nov‐17 Dec‐17 Jan‐18 Feb‐18 Mar‐18 Apr‐18 May‐18 Jun‐18 Jul‐18 Jul‐18 Aug‐18 Sep‐18 Oct‐18 Nov‐18 Dec‐18
Domestic rebar* Import rebar*
US Imports of Rebar Products
(000s of tons)
Rebar Market Price Trends
($/ST)
Sources: Platts, US Census Bureau, SBB *Domestic and import prices based on US Midwest and Houston import prices, respectively.
1Q18
Historical Rebar and Domestic Scrap Prices
($/ST)
Average 1Q19 domestic rebar market prices were up $149/short ton, or 27%, YoY
the cost of steelmaking raw materials
Rebar prices in the range of FY11 levels
peak in 1Q16 Average US weekly capacity utilization in Q4 of CY18 at ~80%, the highest quarterly average rate since 2008
1Q19
Announcement of Section 232 tariffs with temporary exemptions U.S. Department of Commerce initiated Section 232 investigation
Fiscal Year
Tariffs and other duties are reflected in import price index starting Sept 1 2018
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Note: Net debt is total debt, net of cash. For a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP of net debt, net debt leverage to adjusted EBITDA, and net debt to net capital ratio, see appendix.
through the cycle
financial flexibility; maturity date extended to 2023 Cash Flows & Liquidity Strong Balance Sheet
transactional growth Capital Allocation Priorities
$39 $141 $145 $99 $100 $160
$- $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 $180FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18
$368 $294 $205 $166 $138 $103 $157
$50 $100 $150 $200 $250 $300 $350 $400FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18 1Q19
Net Debt
($ Millions)
Operating Cash Flows
($ Millions)
3.6 x 2.6 x 2.5 x 2.0 x 1.3 x 0.5 x 0.8 x FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18 1Q19 LFQ Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA
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“At Schnitzer, Sustainability is at the core of what we do. By recycling scrap metal, we are diverting and reusing millions of tons of materials each year that might otherwise be destined for landfills.” Tamara Lundgren President & CEO
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(1) Statistics based on FY18 (2) Comparisons are YoY, FY17 to FY18
Schnitzer Steel’s latest Sustainability Report for FY17 & FY18 can be found at http://www.schnitzersteel.com/sustainability.aspx
424 thousand end-of-life vehicles purchased 519 thousand tons of finished steel produced from recycled scrap 4.3 million tons of ferrous scrap metal recycled 636 million pounds of nonferrous scrap metal recycled
OUR RECYCLED PRODUCTS (1)
>4.8 million recycled parts sold
OUR IMPACT (2)
Integrity, Ethics and Compliance Safety, Health and Wellness Diversity, Inclusion and Cultural Awareness Community Engagement and Partnerships Environmental Performance and Protection
79% of electricity from hydro & other renewables 60% of water is reused 7% reduction in normalized energy use 6% reduction in normalized emissions 3% reduction in normalized disposed waste
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This presentation contains performance based on adjusted net income and adjusted diluted earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to SSI; adjusted consolidated, AMR and CSS operating income (loss); adjusted EBITDA; net debt, net capital, net debt leverage ratio, and net debt to adjusted EBITDA ratio; and adjusted operating income excluding estimated average inventory accounting, which are non-GAAP financial measures as defined under SEC rules. As required by SEC rules, the Company has provided reconciliations of these measures for each period discussed to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure. Management believes that providing these non-GAAP financial measures provides a meaningful presentation of our results from business operations excluding adjustments for other asset impairment charges net of recoveries, restructuring charges and other exit-related activities, recoveries related to the resale or modification of certain previously contracted shipments, and the income tax expense (benefit) allocated to these adjustments, items which are not related to underlying business operational performance, and improves the period-to-period comparability of our results from business operations. Adjusted operating results in fiscal 2015 excluded the impact from the resale or modification of the terms, each at significantly lower prices due to sharp declines in selling prices, of certain previously contracted bulk shipments for delivery during fiscal 2015. Recoveries resulting from settlements with the original contract parties, which began in the third quarter of fiscal 2016 and concluded in the first quarter of fiscal 2018, are reported within selling, general and administrative expense in the quarterly statements of income and are also excluded from these measures. Further, management believes that debt, net of cash is a useful measure for investors because, as cash and cash equivalents can be used, among other things, to repay indebtedness, netting this against total debt is a useful measure of our leverage. Management believes that the ratio of total debt to total capital, both net of cash and cash equivalents, is also a useful measure of our leverage. These non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures. Further, management believes that:
performance because it excludes the impact of the rapid changes in purchase prices compared to our cost of goods sold which adjusts more slowly due to use of average inventory accounting and provides a measure of operating performance excluding the differential. These non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures.
18 The following is a reconciliation of each of these measures to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure:
Consolidated Operating Income ($ in thousands) 1Q19 4Q18 3Q18 2Q18 1Q18 4Q17 3Q17 2Q17 1Q17 2018 2017 Operating income $ 22,689 $ 37,973 $ 51,234 $ 33,358 $ 26,423 $ 22,108 $ 19,147 $ 14,171 $ 587 $ 148,988 $ 56,013 Other asset impairment charges (recoveries), net 63 532 (1,465) - (88) (74) (1,044) - 401 (1,021) (717) Restructuring charges and other exit-related activities 202 (922) 70 91 100 90 93 (494) 201 (661) (109) Contract resale or modification, net of recoveries
Consolidated adjusted operating income(1) $ 22,954 $ 37,583 $ 49,839 $ 33,449 $ 26,018 $ 21,707 $ 18,025 $ 13,260 $ 1,050 $ 146,889 $ 54,043 AMR Operating Income ($ in thousands) 1Q19 4Q18 3Q18 2Q18 1Q18 4Q17 3Q17 2Q17 1Q17 2018 2017 Operating income $ 23,017 $ 33,836 $ 54,980 $ 45,132 $ 35,172 $ 23,992 $ 29,520 $ 25,288 $ 12,606 $ 169,120 $ 91,405 Other asset impairment charges (recoveries), net 63 532 (1,465) - - 860 (1,044) - - (933) (184) Contract resale or modification, net of recoveries
Adjusted AMR operating income(1) $ 23,080 $ 34,368 $ 53,515 $ 45,132 $ 34,755 $ 24,435 $ 28,305 $ 24,871 $ 12,467 $ 167,770 $ 90,077 CSS Operating Income (Loss) ($ in thousands) 1Q19 4Q18 3Q18 2Q18 1Q18 4Q17 3Q17 2Q17 1Q17 2018 2017 Operating income (loss) $ 11,918 $ 13,604 $ 10,793 $ 5,413 $ 8,476 $ 8,019 $ 1,163 $ (1,279) $ (2,628) $ 38,286 $ 5,275 Other asset impairment charges (recoveries), net
Adjusted CSS operating income (loss)(1) $ 11,918 $ 13,604 $ 10,793 $ 5,413 $ 8,388 $ 7,085 $ 1,163 $ (1,279) $ (2,227) $ 38,198 $ 4,742 (1) May not foot due to rounding. Quarter Fiscal Year(1) Quarter Fiscal Year(1) Quarter Fiscal Year(1)
19 The following is a reconciliation of each of these measures to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure:
Net Income from Continuing Operations Attributable to SSI (in thousands) 1Q19 4Q18 3Q18 2Q18 1Q18 2018 Net income from continuing operations attributable to SSI $ 16,260 $ 59,396 $ 37,458 $ 40,852 $ 18,399 $ 156,105 Other asset impairment charges (recoveries), net 63 532 (1,465) - (88) (1,021) Restructuring charges and other exit-related activities 202 (922) 70 91 100 (661) Contract resale or modification, net of recoveries
Income tax expense (benefit) allocated to adjustments(1) (60) (171) 86 (41) 131 5 Adjusted net income from continuing operations attributable to SSI(2) $ 16,465 $ 58,835 $ 36,149 $ 40,902 $ 18,125 $ 154,011 Diluted EPS from Continuing Operations Attributable to SSI ($ per share) 1Q19 4Q18 3Q18 2Q18 1Q18 2018 Net income per share attributable to SSI $ 0.57 $ 2.09 $ 1.31 $ 1.42 $ 0.64 $ 5.47 Income (loss) per share from discontinued operations attributable to SSI (0.00) 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.01 Net income per share from continuing operations attributable to SSI(2) $ 0.57 $ 2.08 $ 1.31 $ 1.42 $ 0.64 $ 5.46 Other asset impairment charges (recoveries), net 0.00 0.02 (0.05) - - (0.04) Restructuring charges and other exit-related activities 0.01 (0.03) - - - (0.02) Contract resale or modification, net of recoveries
Income tax expense (benefit) allocated to adjustments(1) (0.00) (0.01) - - - - Adjusted diluted EPS from continuing operations attributable to SSI(2) $ 0.58 $ 2.06 $ 1.26 $ 1.42 $ 0.63 $ 5.39 (2) May not foot due to rounding (1) Income tax allocated to adjustments reconciling reported and adjusted net income from continuing operations attributable to SSI and diluted earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to SSI is determined based on a tax provision calculated with and without the adjustments. Quarter Fiscal Year(1) Quarter Fiscal Year(1)
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Adjusted EBITDA
impairments net of recoveries, restructuring charges and other exit-related activities, net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, discontinued operations, and contract resale or modification, net of recoveries.
1Q19 4Q18 3Q18 2Q18 1Q18 $ 16,188 $ 59,669 $ 37,402 $ 41,016 $ 18,364 Plus net income attributable to noncontrolling interests 430 532 1,046 903 857 Plus interest expense 1,906 2,160 2,483 2,281 2,059 Plus tax expense (benefit) 4,116 (23,620) 10,650 (10,577) 5,957 Plus depreciation & amortization 13,297 12,663 12,327 12,160 12,522 Plus other asset impairment charges (recoveries), net 63 532 (1,465) - (88) Plus restructuring charges and other exit-related activities 202 (922) 70 91 100 Plus (gain) loss from discontinued operations, net of tax 72 (273) 56 (164) 35 Plus contract resale or modification, net of recoveries
$ 36,274 $ 50,741 $ 62,569 $ 45,710 $ 39,389 Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands) Net Income attributable to SSI Total Adjusted EBITDA Quarter
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Net Debt Leverage Ratio
cash equivalents.
Leverage Ratio 1Q19 4Q18 3Q18 2Q18 1Q18 4Q17 3Q17 2Q17 1Q17 ($ in thousands) 11/30/2018 8/31/2018 5/31/2018 2/28/2018 11/30/2017 8/31/2017 5/31/2017 2/28/2017 11/30/2016 Total debt $ 168,550 $ 107,376 $ 172,691 $ 210,824 $ 184,882 $ 145,124 $ 184,443 $ 209,477 $ 187,645 Less cash (11,216) (4,723) (10,090) (15,007) (9,194) (7,287) (15,209) (9,830) (8,100) Net debt $ 157,334 $ 102,653 $ 162,601 $ 195,817 $ 175,688 $ 137,837 $ 169,234 $ 199,647 $ 179,545 Total debt $ 168,550 $ 107,376 $ 172,691 $ 210,824 $ 184,882 $ 145,124 $ 184,443 $ 209,477 $ 187,645 Total equity 675,983 670,110 619,562 587,096 551,617 537,493 517,558 502,684 494,067 Total capital $ 844,533 $ 777,486 $ 792,253 $ 797,920 $ 736,499 $ 682,617 $ 702,001 $ 712,161 $ 681,712 Less cash (11,216) (4,723) (10,090) (15,007) (9,194) (7,287) (15,209) (9,830) (8,100) Net capital $ 833,317 $ 772,763 $ 782,163 $ 782,913 $ 727,305 $ 675,330 $ 686,792 $ 702,331 $ 673,612 Total debt to capital ratio 20.0% 13.8% 21.8% 26.4% 25.1% 21.3% 26.3% 29.4% 27.5% Impact excluding cash from both total debt and total capital
Net debt leverage ratio 18.9% 13.3% 20.8% 25.0% 24.2% 20.4% 24.6% 28.4% 26.7%
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Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio
cash flows from operating activities ratio; and the net debt to adjusted EBITDA ratio:
Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio LFQ ($ in thousands) 1Q19 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Cash flows from operating activities $ 163,660 $ 159,676 $ 100,370 $ 99,240 $ 144,628 $ 141,252 Exit-related gains, asset impairments and accelerated depreciation, net 977 1,000 407 (1,790) (6,502) (566) Write-off of debt issuance costs
Inventory write-down
Deferred income taxes 39,453 37,995 (2,278) (507) 1,988 3,815 Undistributed equity in earnings of joint ventures 1,988 1,953 3,674 819 1,490 1,196 Share-based compensation expense (21,365) (18,965) (10,847) (10,437) (10,481) (14,506) Excess tax benefit from share-based payment arrangements
Gain (loss) on disposal of assets (260) (56) (448) 465 2,875 1,126 Unrealized foreign exchange gain (loss), net (303) 104 (361) 109 1,909 (240) Bad debt (expense) recoveries, net (336) (323) (126) (131) 264 (449) Change in current assets and current liabilities 24,825 34,081 10,666 (19,317) (76,736) (39,011) Changes in other operating assets and liabilities (1,876) (6,987) (4,958) (405) 2,252 (2,550) Interest expense 8,830 8,983 8,081 8,889 9,191 10,595 Tax expense (benefit) (19,431) (17,590) 1,322 735 (12,615) 2,583 Restructuring charges and other exit-related activities (963) (661) (109) 6,782 13,008 6,830 Loss (gain) from discontinued operations, net of tax (309) (346) 390 1,348 7,227 2,809 Depreciation and amortization from discontinued operations
Contract resale or modification, net of recoveries
Adjusted EBITDA $ 194,890 $ 198,409 $ 104,639 $ 83,628 $ 81,917 $ 111,743 Debt 168,550 107,376 145,124 192,518 228,156 319,365 Cash and cash equivalents 11,216 (4,723) (7,287) (26,819) (22,755) (25,672) Net debt $ 157,334 $ 102,653 $ 137,837 $ 165,699 $ 205,401 $ 293,693 Debt to cash flows from operating activities ratio 1.0 0.7 1.4 1.9 1.6 2.3 Net debt to adjusted EBITDA ratio 0.8 0.5 1.3 2.0 2.5 2.6 Fiscal Year
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periods of rising or falling selling prices for our products, we seek to adjust the purchase price paid for raw materials. However, the cost of our inventory changes more slowly than the purchase prices due to the effect of the average cost method. As a result, changes in the average inventory cost recorded through our cost of goods sold lag the changes in purchase prices, thus generally impacting our operating results positively in periods of rising market prices and negatively in periods of falling market prices.
Adjusted Operating Income Excluding Estimated Average Inventory Accounting
AMR Adjusted Operating Income Excluding LFQ Estimated Average Inventory Accounting Impact ($ in thousands, except per ton) 1Q19 1Q19 4Q18 3Q18 2Q18 1Q18 4Q17 3Q17 2Q17 1Q17 2018 2017 Adjusted operating income $156,095 $ 23,080 $ 34,368 $ 53,515 $ 45,132 $ 34,755 $ 24,435 $ 28,305 $ 24,871 $ 12,467 $167,770 $ 90,077 Estimated average inventory accounting impact 3,882 (43) (2,224) 1,558 4,591 163 2,854 (793) 4,065 (1,698) 4,088 4,428 Adjusted operating income excluding estimated average inventory accounting(1) $152,213 $ 23,123 $ 36,592 $ 51,957 $ 40,541 $ 34,592 $ 21,581 $ 29,098 $ 20,806 $ 14,165 $163,682 $ 85,649 Ferrous volumes (000s LT) 3,830 919 1,032 983 896 797 864 825 739 717 3,708 3,145 Adjusted operating income per ton $ 41 $ 25 $ 33 $ 54 $ 50 $ 44 $ 28 $ 34 $ 34 $ 17 $ 45 $ 29 Adjusted operating income per ton excluding estimated average inventory accounting $ 40 $ 25 $ 35 $ 53 $ 45 $ 43 $ 25 $ 35 $ 28 $ 20 $ 44 $ 27 Consolidated Adjusted Operating Income Excluding LFQ Estimated Average Inventory Accounting Impact (in thousands) 1Q19 1Q19 4Q18 3Q18 2Q18 1Q18 4Q17 3Q17 2Q17 1Q17 2018 2017 Consolidated adjusted operating income $143,825 $ 22,954 $ 37,583 $ 49,839 $ 33,449 $ 26,018 $ 21,707 $ 18,025 $ 13,260 $ 1,050 $146,889 $ 54,043 AMR estimated average inventory accounting impact 3,882 (43) (2,224) 1,558 4,591 163 2,854 (793) 4,065 (1,698) 4,088 4,428 Adjusted operating income excluding estimated average inventory accounting(1) $139,943 $ 22,997 $ 39,807 $ 48,281 $ 28,858 $ 25,855 $ 18,853 $ 18,818 $ 9,195 $ 2,748 $142,801 $ 49,615 (1) May not foot due to rounding. Quarter Fiscal Year(1) Quarter Fiscal Year(1)
24 The following provides recast values of segment data for AMR and CSS following the completed reorganization in 4Q17:
Recast Segment Financials ($000s) Auto and Metals Recycling 1Q19 4Q18 3Q18 2Q18 1Q18 4Q17 3Q17 2Q17 1Q17 2018 2017 Reported operating income $ 23,017 $ 33,836 $ 54,980 $ 45,132 $ 35,172 $ 23,992 $ 29,520 $ 25,288 $ 12,606 $ 169,120 $ 91,405 Adjusted operating income $ 23,080 $ 34,368 $ 53,515 $ 45,132 $ 34,755 $ 24,435 $ 28,305 $ 24,871 $ 12,467 $ 167,770 $ 90,077 Cascade Steel and Scrap 1Q19 4Q18 3Q18 2Q18 1Q18 4Q17 3Q17 2Q17 1Q17 2018 2017 Reported operating income (loss) $ 11,918 $ 13,604 $ 10,793 $ 5,413 $ 8,476 $ 8,019 $ 1,163 $ (1,280) $ (2,628) $ 38,286 $ 5,275 Adjusted operating income (loss) $ 11,918 $ 13,604 $ 10,793 $ 5,413 $ 8,388 $ 7,085 $ 1,163 $ (1,280) $ (2,227) $ 38,198 $ 4,742 Consolidated 1Q19 4Q18 3Q18 2Q18 1Q18 4Q17 3Q17 2Q17 1Q17 2018 2017 Reported operating income $ 22,689 $ 37,973 $ 51,234 $ 33,358 $ 26,423 $ 22,108 $ 19,147 $ 14,171 $ 587 $ 148,988 $ 56,013 Adjusted operating income $ 22,954 $ 37,583 $ 49,839 $ 33,449 $ 26,018 $ 21,707 $ 18,025 $ 13,260 $ 1,050 $ 146,889 $ 54,043 Recast Segment Volumes Auto and Metals Recycling 1Q19 4Q18 3Q18 2Q18 1Q18 4Q17 3Q17 2Q17 1Q17 2018 2017 Ferrous volumes (000s LT)(2) 919 1,032 983 896 797 864 825 739 717 3,708 3,145 Nonferrous volumes (000s LB)(2) 152,869 166,976 146,043 129,549 129,137 150,343 150,356 114,275 125,817 571,705 540,791 Car purchase volumes (000s) 94 105 109 102 108 113 108 96 94 424 411 Cascade Steel and Scrap 1Q19 4Q18 3Q18 2Q18 1Q18 4Q17 3Q17 2Q17 1Q17 2018 2017 Finished steel volumes (ST) 119,204 127,010 140,221 124,711 127,220 147,431 141,221 105,989 100,875 519,162 495,516 SSI Total Volumes(3) 1Q19 4Q18 3Q18 2Q18 1Q18 4Q17 3Q17 2Q17 1Q17 2018 2017 Ferrous volumes (000s LT) 1,080 1,206 1,119 1,062 912 991 951 852 834 4,299 3,628 Nonferrous volumes (000s LB) 166,977 188,359 162,667 144,024 141,046 164,342 161,832 122,554 136,057 636,096 584,785 (1) May not foot due to rounding. (2) Includes transfers to CSS. (3) Ferrous and nonferrous volumes sold externally by AMR and CSS and delivered to our steel mill for finished steel production. Quarter Fiscal Year(1) Quarter Fiscal Year(1)
25 The following provides recast values of segment data for AMR and CSS following the completed reorganization in 4Q17:
Fiscal Year(5) Fiscal Year(5) 1Q19 1Q18 2Q18 3Q18 4Q18 2018 1Q17 2Q17 3Q17 4Q17 2017 Auto and Metals Recycling Ferrous selling prices ($/LT)(1) Domestic $ 290 $ 259 $ 278 $ 314 $ 303 $ 291 $ 169 $ 237 $ 263 $ 257 $ 236 Export $ 314 $ 306 $ 327 $ 347 $ 328 $ 328 $ 203 $ 252 $ 255 $ 263 $ 244 Average $ 306 $ 292 $ 314 $ 337 $ 321 $ 317 $ 194 $ 247 $ 258 $ 262 $ 242 Ferrous sales volume (000s LT) Domestic 340 238 240 293 315 1,085 197 221 291 239 948 Export 579 559 657 690 717 2,623 520 518 534 625 2,197 Total 919 797 896 983 1,032 3,708 717 739 825 864 3,145 Nonferrous average price ($/LB)(1)(2) $ 0.59 $ 0.73 $ 0.72 $ 0.74 $ 0.69 $ 0.72 $ 0.58 $ 0.64 $ 0.65 $ 0.64 $ 0.63 Nonferrous sales volume (M LB)(2) 153 129 130 146 167 572 126 114 150 150 541 Car purchase volume (000s)(3) 94 108 102 109 105 424 94 96 108 113 411 Auto stores at end of quarter 51 53 53 53 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 Cascade Steel and Scrap Finished steel average sales price ($/ST)(1) $ 747 $ 599 $ 619 $ 703 $ 741 $ 666 $ 492 $ 517 $ 545 $ 565 $ 534 Sales volume (000s ST) Rebar 81 84 80 92 81 337 74 69 84 96 324 Coiled products 37 41 43 47 44 175 24 34 55 48 161 Merchant bar and other
3 2 2 3 11 Finished steel products sold(5) 119 127 125 140 127 519 101 106 141 147 496 Rolling mill utilization(4) 87% 95% 83% 91% 83% 88% 65% 89% 85% 95% 83% (1) Price information is shown after a reduction for the cost of freight incurred to deliver the product to the customer. (2) Excludes PGM metals in catalytic converters. (3) Cars purchased by auto stores only. (4) Rolling mill utilization is based on effective annual production capacity under current conditions of 580 thousand tons of finished steel products. (5) May not foot due to rounding. (Unaudited)