Introduction to syntax 1 Introduction to syntax 2 Course time: - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
introduction to syntax 1 introduction to syntax 2 course
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

Introduction to syntax 1 Introduction to syntax 2 Course time: - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Apr 29, 2023 265 likes •880 views

Introduction to syntax 1 Introduction to syntax 2 Course time: Tuesday/Friday 11:00 AM-12:50 PM Location: JSB 221 instructor: David Pesetsky (pesetsk@mit.edu) office: to be announced office hours: to be announced TAs: Danfeng Wu (dfwu@mit.edu)

slide-1
SLIDE 1

1

Introduction to syntax

slide-2
SLIDE 2

2

Introduction to syntax

slide-3
SLIDE 3

3

Course time: Tuesday/Friday 11:00 AM-12:50 PM Location: JSB 221 instructor: David Pesetsky (pesetsk@mit.edu)

  • ffice:

to be announced

  • ffice hours: to be announced

TAs: Danfeng Wu (dfwu@mit.edu) Sahar Taghipour (sta262@g.uky.edu)

  • ffice hours: to be announced
slide-4
SLIDE 4

4

Tentative plan

slide-5
SLIDE 5

5

Basic phrase structure Constituents

  • Sentence fragments, movement, ellipsis,

anaphora as tests for constituency, ambiguities

  • built by the rule "Merge"

Subcategorization and the notion "head"

  • The sisterhood condition on

subcategorization, and some consequences. Implications for acquisition.

  • Modification of the sisterhood condition gives

the notion "head".

  • Structural definition of grammatical relations:

subject, object θ-roles

  • Agent, patient, goal...
  • the Uniformity of Theta Assignment

Hypothesis (UTAH)

slide-6
SLIDE 6

6

Universal Grammar and language variation

  • the Cinque hierarchy
  • head-final vs. head-initial languages
  • mixed languages: FOFC

Movement as Internal Merge

  • scrambling in Japanese
  • wh-movement in English
  • verb-second (V2) in Germanic
  • V2 on four continents
  • V-to-T in French
  • Verb-initiality in Irish

Case Theory

  • morphological case systems
  • Case and the licensing of nominal

complements

slide-7
SLIDE 7

7

A-movement

  • Exceptional Case Marking
  • Passive: movement motivated by Case
  • VP-internal subjects
  • Unaccusativity and Raising (vs. Control)

A-bar movement

  • wh-movement and pied-piping: probes and

goals

  • Successive-cyclicity and island phenomena
slide-8
SLIDE 8

8

slide-9
SLIDE 9

Lexicon

9

  • 1. the
  • 2. girl
  • 3. will 4. read

5.book part of speech Determiner Noun Tense Verb Noun meaning take Ladusaw's course who is a girl future whatever "read" means which is a book sound [ðə] [gɹ ̩ l] [wɪl] [ri:d] [bʊk]

slide-10
SLIDE 10

Lexicon

10

slide-11
SLIDE 11

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

11

The quick brown fox will jump over the lazy dog. dog?

credit: Radford, Andrew. 1988. Transformational Grammar: A First Course. CUP, Cambridge.

slide-12
SLIDE 12

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

12

The quick brown fox will jump over the lazy dog. lazy dog?

slide-13
SLIDE 13

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

13

The quick brown fox will jump over the lazy dog. the lazy dog?

slide-14
SLIDE 14

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

14

The quick brown fox will jump over the lazy dog.

  • ver the lazy dog?
slide-15
SLIDE 15

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

15

The quick brown fox will jump over the lazy dog. jump over the lazy dog?

slide-16
SLIDE 16

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

16

The quick brown fox will jump over the lazy dog. will jump over the lazy dog?

slide-17
SLIDE 17

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

17

The quick brown fox will jump over the lazy dog. *fox will jump over the lazy dog?

slide-18
SLIDE 18

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

18

The quick brown fox will jump over the lazy dog. fox?

slide-19
SLIDE 19

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

19

The quick brown fox will jump over the lazy dog. brown fox?

slide-20
SLIDE 20

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

20

The quick brown fox will jump over the lazy dog. quick brown fox?

slide-21
SLIDE 21

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

21

The quick brown fox will jump over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox?

slide-22
SLIDE 22

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

22

The quick brown fox will jump over the lazy dog. *jump over the?

slide-23
SLIDE 23

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

23

slide-24
SLIDE 24

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

24

slide-25
SLIDE 25

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE: Terminology

25

  • node
  • immediately dominates
  • dominates
  • mother
  • daughter
  • sister
  • root node
  • terminal node
slide-26
SLIDE 26

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE: produced by Merge

26

slide-27
SLIDE 27

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE: produced by Merge

27

lazy merges with dog

slide-28
SLIDE 28

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE: produced by Merge

28

Merge Form a set (called a phrase or constituent) whose members are two elements α and β, either or both of which may be:

  • a. words from the lexicon, or
  • b. a set previously formed by Merge
slide-29
SLIDE 29

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE: produced by Merge

29

the merges with lazy dog

slide-30
SLIDE 30

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE: produced by Merge

30

  • ver merges with the lazy dog
slide-31
SLIDE 31

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE: produced by Merge

31

jump merges with over the lazy dog

slide-32
SLIDE 32

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE: produced by Merge

32

will merges with jump over the lazy dog

slide-33
SLIDE 33

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE: produced by Merge

33

Meanwhile, in a galaxy far, far away ... brown merges with fox

slide-34
SLIDE 34

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE: produced by Merge

34

quick merges with brown fox

slide-35
SLIDE 35

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE: produced by Merge

35

the merges with quick brown fox

slide-36
SLIDE 36

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE: produced by Merge

36

and then ... the quick brown fox merges with will jump over the lazy dog

slide-37
SLIDE 37

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE: labeling the nodes

37

  • The sister of a preposition must contain a noun

(even if a determiner and various articles linearly intervene) The quick brown fox will jump ...

  • a. ... over the lazy dog.
  • b. ... over the dog.
  • c. ... over lazy dogs.
  • d. ... over dogs.
  • e. ... over the ridiculous lazy dog.
  • f. ... *over the.
  • g. ... *over the lazy.
  • h. ... *over of.
slide-38
SLIDE 38

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE: labeling the nodes

38

Noun Phrases (NP)

slide-39
SLIDE 39

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE: labeling the nodes

39

The nodes for which N is the head are labeled N' or NP. They are "projections" of N. (Sophisticates: don't ask me about DP.)

slide-40
SLIDE 40

Heads and complements

40

eat vs. devour ask vs. inquire throw vs. put give vs. hand vs. write

slide-41
SLIDE 41

Heads and complements

41

(1) a. Mary has eaten.

  • b. Mary has eaten the pizza.
  • c. *Mary has devoured.
  • d. Mary has devoured the pizza.

(2)

  • a. Bill will ask the time.
  • b. *Bill will inquire the time.
  • c. Bill will ask about the time.
  • d. Bill will inquire about the time.
slide-42
SLIDE 42

Heads and complements

42

(3) a. [?]Sue will throw.

  • b. Sue will throw the ball.
  • c. Sue will throw the ball to Tom.
  • d. [?]Sue will throw to Tom.

[a & d ok in sports context]

  • e. *Sue will put.
  • f. *Sue will put the book.
  • g. Sue will put the book under the desk.
  • h. *Sue will put under the desk.
slide-43
SLIDE 43

Heads and complements

43

The facts: eat:

  • ptional NP sister

devour:

  • bligatory NP sister

inquire: *NP sister ask:

  • k (?) NP sister

throw:

  • ptional NP and optional PP sisters

put:

  • bligatory NP PP sisters
slide-44
SLIDE 44

Heads and complements

44

Subcategorization information in lexical entries: eat: [+ __ (NP)] devour: [+ __ NP] ask: [+ __ NP] inquire: (not like ask) throw: [+ __ NP (PP)] put: [+ __ NP PP]

slide-45
SLIDE 45

Heads and complements

45

It's not just verbs that have subcategorization properties: (1) adjectives

  • a. *Mary is fond.
  • b. Mary is fond of her friends.
  • c. Mary is proud.
  • d. Mary is proud of her friends.

(2) prepositions

  • a. *Mary went into.
  • b. Mary went into the room.
  • c. Mary went in.
  • d. Mary went in the room.
slide-46
SLIDE 46

Heads and complements

46

Chomsky's generalization The lexical entry for a word contains subcategorization information only about its sister.

slide-47
SLIDE 47

Heads and complements

47

What's interesting about Chomsky's generalization? Significance for language acquisition: 1.Assume the generalization is just the way language works — part of Universal Grammar. 2.This means that a child who is acquiring language does not have to pay attention to the entire phrase structure tree when learning the subcategorization requirements of a word. Makes the task easier.

slide-48
SLIDE 48

Heads and complements

48

What's wrong with the generalization? A verb may subcategorize for the P of a complement PP: English Russian depend on zaviset' ot

  • lit. 'depend from'

speak to govorit' s

  • lit. 'speak with'

look at smotret' na

  • lit. 'watch on'

look for iskat' knigu

  • lit. 'seek'
slide-49
SLIDE 49

Heads and complements

49

Modification of Chomsky's generalization: The revised subcategorization generalization The lexical entry for a word contains subcategorization information about the head of its sister. We can now use the revised generalization to probe for the heads of phrases:

slide-50
SLIDE 50

Heads and complements

50

V subcategorizes for the complementizer of its complement when that complement is a clause (that vs. for): (1) a. Mary will believe [that the brown fox has depended on the lazy dog].

  • b. Mary will arrange

[for the brown fox to depend on the lazy dog]. (2) a. *Mary will believe [for the brown fox to depend on the lazy dog].

  • b. *Mary will arrange

[that the brown fox has depended on the lazy book].

slide-51
SLIDE 51

Heads and complements

51

slide-52
SLIDE 52

Heads and complements

52

slide-53
SLIDE 53

Heads and complements

53

NOTE: FROM THIS POINT ON, WE DIDN'T GET TO THESE SLIDES, BUT THEY ARE WHAT'S COMING NEXT, AND USEFUL FOR THE ASSIGNMENT. SEE THE SUMMARY (last page) FOR A PROBABLY MORE USEFUL VERSION

slide-54
SLIDE 54

Heads and complements

54

C subcategorizes for the I of its sister (to vs. tensed verb): (3) a. *Mary will believe [that the brown fox to depend on the lazy dog].

  • b. Mary will arrange

[for the brown fox to depend on the lazy dog].

  • c. Mary will believe

[that the brown fox has depended on the lazy dog].

  • d. *Mary will arrange

[for the brown fox has depended on the lazy dog].

slide-55
SLIDE 55

Heads and complements

55

slide-56
SLIDE 56

Heads and complements

56

slide-57
SLIDE 57

Heads and complements

57

I subcategorizes for the V-morphology of its VP complement

(1) a. ... [for the quick brown fox to [depend on the lazy dog].

  • b. *...[for the quick brown fox to [depended on the lazy dog].

(2) a. ... [that the quick brown fox will [depend on the lazy dog].

  • b. *... [that the quick brown fox will [depended on the lazy dog].

(3) a. *... [that the quick brown fox has depend on the lazy dog].

  • b. ... [that the quick brown fox has depended on the lazy dog].
slide-58
SLIDE 58

Heads and complements

58

slide-59
SLIDE 59

Heads and complements

59

slide-60
SLIDE 60

Heads and complements

60