Introduction to English Linguistics 5: Grammar and Syntax II - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶

Aug 21, 2023 440 likes •724 views

Introduction to English Linguistics 5: Grammar and Syntax II Cognitive Grammar Understands language as an abstract symbolic system directly rooted in the same cognitive processes used for other thought processes and thus not routed through a

SLIDE 1

Introduction to English Linguistics

5: Grammar and Syntax II

SLIDE 2

Syntactic Schools

Generative (or Transformational) Grammar

A linguistic model postulating an innate set of syntactic rules fsom which all linguistic utterances are generated, involving a transformation fsom an underlying deep structure to the apparent surface structure. [Deep Structure] → [Subsystem] → [Surface Structure]

Cognitive Grammar

Understands language as an abstract symbolic system directly rooted in the same cognitive processes used for other thought processes and thus not routed through a syntactic subsystem.

SLIDE 3

Syntactic Schools

Generative (or Transformational) Grammar

A linguistic model postulating an innate set of syntactic rules fsom which all linguistic utterances are generated, involving a transformation fsom an underlying deep structure to the apparent surface structure. [Deep Structure] → [Subsystem] → [Surface Structure]

Cognitive Grammar

Understands language as an abstract symbolic system directly rooted in the same cognitive processes used for other thought processes and thus not routed through a syntactic subsystem.

SLIDE 4

Generative Grammar

Phrase Structure Rules

Rules for parsing syntactic structures, defining the constitution of phrases with a view to finding structural correspondences across languages. S → NP VP: A sentence consists of a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase. NP → (Det) (A) N (PP): A noun phrase consists of a noun preceded by the

ptional elements determiner and adjective and followed by the optional

element prepositional phrase. NP Noun phrase AP Adjective phrase VP Verb phrase PP Preposition phrase AdvP Adverbial phrase Det Determiner Deg Degree word Aux Auxiliary verb Con Conjunction S Sentence

SLIDE 5

(Generative) Syntactic Constituents

(Cf. parts of speech.) Label Description N Noun V Verb A Adjective P Preposition Adv Adverb T Tense C Complementizer Det Determiner Deg Degree word Aux Auxiliary verb Con Conjunction ▶ Lexical ▶ Can head a phrase ▶ Nonlexical ▶ Cannot head a phrase ▶ Pronoun ≡ N without specifier or complement ▶ Possessive ≡ N

SLIDE 6

X-Bar Theory

Models all phrases as specifier-head structures by positing a projected head, raising specifiers above the level of complements.

Multiple Branching Schema

XP (specifier) head (complement)

X-Bar Schema

XP (specifier) X′ head (complement)

SLIDE 7

X-Bar Theory

Models all phrases as specifier-head structures by positing a projected head, raising specifiers above the level of complements.

Multiple Branching Schema

NP Det a N house PP P

NP N cards

X-Bar Schema

NP Det a N′ N house PP P′ P

NP N′ N cards

SLIDE 8

X-Bar Theory

Models all phrases as specifier-head structures by positing a projected head, raising specifiers above the level of complements.

Multiple Branching Schema

NP Det a N house PP P

NP N cards

X-Bar Schema

NP Det a N′ N house PP P

NP N cards X′ level only required in phrases with both specifier and complement.

SLIDE 9

X-Bar Theory

Models all phrases as specifier-head structures by positing a projected head, raising specifiers above the level of complements.

Multiple Branching Schema

NP Det a N house PP P

N cards

X-Bar Schema

NP Det a N′ N house PP P

N cards (You may also omit XP where it’s just a head, but I won’t here.)

SLIDE 10

X-Bar Phrase Structure

Full Schema

NP Det the N′ N law

Compact Schema

NP Det the N law

SLIDE 11

X-Bar Phrase Structure

Full Schema

AdvP Deg rather Adv′ Adv intently

Compact Schema

AdvP Deg rather Adv intently

SLIDE 12

X-Bar Phrase Structure

Full Schema

PP P′ P in NP Det the N′ N rain

Compact Schema

PP P in NP Det the N rain

SLIDE 13

X-Bar Phrase Structure

Full Schema

VP V′ V read NP Det a N′ N book

Compact Schema

VP V read NP Det a N book

SLIDE 14

X-Bar Phrase Structure

Full Schema

PP Deg hardly P′ P

NP Det the N′ N level

Compact Schema

PP Deg hardly P′ P

NP Det the N level

SLIDE 15

X-Bar Phrase Structure (Full Schema) NP Det the N′ N sound PP P′ P

NP Det the N′ N surf

SLIDE 16

X-Bar Phrase Structure (Compact Schema) NP Det the N′ N sound PP P

NP Det the N surf

SLIDE 17

X-Bar Sentence Structure (Full Schema) TP NP N′ N You T′ T +pst VP V′ V ate NP NP N′ N my N′ N lunch

SLIDE 18

X-Bar Sentence Structure (Compact Schema) TP NP N You T′ T +pst VP V ate NP NP N my N lunch

SLIDE 19

X-Bar Auxiliary Structure (Full Schema) TP NP N′ N You T′ T did VP V′ V eat NP NP N′ N my N′ N lunch

SLIDE 20

X-Bar Auxiliary Structure (Compact Schema) TP NP N You T′ T did VP V eat NP NP N my N lunch

SLIDE 21

X-Bar Sentence Structure (Full Schema)

TP NP N′ N We T′ T

VP V′ V miss NP Det the N′ N sound PP P′ P

NP Det the N′ N surf

SLIDE 22

X-Bar Sentence Structure (Compact Schema)

TP NP N We T′ T

VP V miss NP Det the N′ N sound PP P

NP Det the N surf

SLIDE 23

X-Bar Yes/No-Movement (Full Schema)

CP C′ V are C +q TP NP N′ N you T′ T

VP V′ V t NP N′ N Tarzan

SLIDE 24

X-Bar Yes/No-Movement (Compact Schema)

CP C′ V are C +q TP NP N you T′ T

VP V t NP N Tarzan

SLIDE 25

X-Bar Wh-Movement (Full Schema)

CP AdvP Adv′ Adv where C′ C V is +q TP NP NP N′ N my N′ N food T′ T

VP V′ V t AdvP Adv′ Adv t

SLIDE 26

X-Bar Wh-Movement (Compact Schema)

CP AdvP Adv where C′ C V is +q TP NP NP N my N food T′ T

V′ V t AdvP Adv t

SLIDE 27