Introduction to Computing Principles - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Introduction to Computing Principles - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Dec 09, 2023 182 likes •436 views

Introduction to Computing Principles Computer = hardware + software The computer is an amazingly useful general-purpose technology, to the point that now cameras,

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天津大学 计算机科学与技术学院 刘志磊

Introduction to Computing Principles

计算原理导论

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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer = hardware + software

  • The computer is an amazingly useful

general-purpose technology, to the point that now cameras, phones, thermostats .. these are all now little computers.

  • This section will introduce major parts

and themes of how computer hardware works.

  • "Hardware" refers the physical parts of the

computer, and "software" refers to the code that runs on the computer.

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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Chips and Transistors （芯片与晶体管）

  • Transistor - vital electronic building block
  • Transistors are "solid state" - no moving parts
  • One of the most important inventions in history
  • Silicon chip - fingernail sized piece of silicon
  • Chip can contain billions of transistors

e.g. CPU chips, memory chips, flash chips

  • Silicon ≠ Silicone （硅元素 ≠ 硅胶）

Computer Hardware Chips and Transistors

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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Silicon chip -- linking to Wikimedia image by Ioan Sameli, CC licensed Computer Hardware Chips and Transistors

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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Moore’s Law（摩尔定律，Gordon Moore, 1965 ）

  • Transistors get smaller about every 18-24 months
  • Can fit twice as many per chip
  • Observation vs. "law"

Gordon Moore, Intel co-founder Moore’ Law Computer Hardware Moore’s Law

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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

  • In effect, transistors/computers get cheaper (powerful)
  • Why computers are now in cars, thermostats
  • $50 MP3 player bigger every couple years: 2GB, 4GB, 8GB
  • Informal Moore’s law: computers cheap, everywhere

Computer Hardware Moore’s Law

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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware Computer architecture

  • ENIAC (1946)
  • Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer

  • The first electronic computer
  • Cannot store program
  • Calculator ≠ Computer
  • Rethink about the computer architecture
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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware Computer architecture

  • Input/output function  Input/output devices
  • Memory function  Memory Unit
  • Calculation function  Arithmetic/Logic Unit
  • Judgement Function  Control Unit
  • Self-Control Function

Von Neumann Architecture, 1950

外星人冯诺依曼

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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware Computer architecture

  • CPU (Central Processing Unit)
  • Brain
  • Control Unit
  • Arithmetic/Logic Unit
  • Memory Unit
  • RAM (Random-Access Memory)
  • Disk or Flash
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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware CPU

  • CPU (Central Processing Unit)
  • CPU is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries
  • ut the instructions of a computer program by performing the

basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O)

  • perations specified by the instructions.
  • Brain of the Computer
  • CPU= Control Unit + Arithmetic/Logic Unit

My computer performs 2 billion operations per second

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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware RAM

  • RAM (Random Access Memory/Memory)
  • RAM stores both code and data (temporarily)
  • Temporary, working storage bytes
  • e.g. new SimpleImage("flowers.jpg")
  • -bytes of image loaded into RAM
  • e.g. pixel.setRed(0) ... manipulating bytes in RAM
  • RAM is "volatile", not "persistent", gone when power goes out
  • e.g. You're working on a doc, then power goes out (vs. "Save")
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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware Persistent Storage

  • Persistent Storage: Hard Drive, Flash Drive
  • Persistent storage
  • "Non volatile" .. preserved when not powered
  • Hard drive - stores bytes as a magnetic pattern on a spinning disk
  • aka "hard disk"
  • High pitch spinning sound you may have heard
  • Flash drive - stores bytes as electrons in a chip
  • aka “Flash memory”, or "SSD" (Solid State Disk)
  • "Solid state", no moving parts approach
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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware Persistent Storage

  • Persistent Storage: Hard Drive, Flash Drive
  • Flash storage forms: USB key, SD card in camera, flash chips

built into a phone or tablet or computer

  • Flash used to be very expensive, so most computers used hard

disks

  • However flash is getting cheaper (Moore's law)
  • Not to be confused with "Adobe Flash", a proprietary media format
  • Floppy Drive/Disk
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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware File System

  • File System
  • Question
  • When you take a digital picture, where does it go?
  • File system -- organize the bytes of persistent storage
  • "File" - a name, a handle to a block of bytes
  • e.g. "flowers.jpg" refers to 48KB of image data bytes
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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware What’s Inside My Computer?

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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware

  • Below images of a low-end Shuttle computer with a

1.8ghz CPU, 512MB of RAM and a 160GB hard drive.

  • Motherboard
  • CPU metal package, held by lever
  • Copper heatsink
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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware

  • CPU chip in metal package
  • Heatsink has been removed
  • Bottom of package .. many connections (little wires)
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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware

  • RAM memory card
  • Plugs in to motherboard, 512 MB card (4 chips)
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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware

  • 160 GB hard drive (persistent storage)
  • Connects to motherboard with standard SATA cable
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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware

  • USB thumb drive
  • Contains a flash chip, solid state
  • SD Card, similar idea
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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware

  • Microcontroller - Cheap Computer Chip
  • Microcontroller
  • Complete computer on a chip
  • Small CPU, RAM, storage (Moore's law)
  • Chip can cost under $1
  • Car, microwave, thermostat
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Introduction to computing principles Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware

  • This is an “arduino” board, microcontroller chip

(www.arduino.cc)

  • As low as $20
  • Open source, free, not Windows only, tinkering
  • Art project -- switches, sensors, lights
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Thank You! Q&A