Introduction and Presentation Outline 1. UNFCC, IPCC Emission - - PDF document

20/05/2013 1

National Forest Inventory Training

20 – 23 May 2013, Sandakan SABAH

Sampling for Carbon, Soil, Deadwood and Litter

Introduction and Presentation Outline

1. UNFCC, IPCC – Emission Factors Tiers & Approaches 2. Carbon Pools 3. Malaysia NFI and Carbon Pools 4. Standards and Protocols 5. Measuring The 5 Carbon Pools

– Above Ground Biomass (Tree and non‐tree) – Below Ground Biomass – Down deadwood (Standing and lying) – Litter – Soils

6. Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) 7. Carbon Calculations

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UNFCCC Principles

• Transparency
• Consistency
• Comparability
• Completeness
• Accuracy
• (Conservative)

From: GOFC-GOLD 2009

A Reference Level

Years tCO2e Emissions ‐10 ‐ 5 5 10 Today Reference Level (Business as Usual without Project) Performance Emission Reduction Start REDD+ Activities Historical Emissions (Actual Emissions) Emissions with REDD+ Project (Monitored Emissions)

Under the UNFCCC, reference levels (RLs) are tools to demonstrate GHG emission reductions.

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A Reference Level: Technical Inputs

Activity Data Unit of change X Emission Factor Emissions per hectare

• f change

= Net Emissions from Change (tCO2e) Net Emissions: 1,000ha x 495 tCO2/ha = 495,000 tCO2 Activity Data:

Forest to non‐forest: 1000 ha

Emission/Removal Factors:

Net Emissions: 495 tCO2/ha

Guidance and Frameworks from IPCC

 IPCC provides a framework of the fundamental steps for estimating carbon emissions and removals from changes in forest lands.

• 2003 IPCC Good Practice Guidance for Land

Use, Land‐Use Change and Forestry

• 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Vol. 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use

• Presents default (Tier 1) data

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Emission Factors

Emission factors:

Emissions/removals of greenhouse gases per unit of activity data – Measured in tCO2e/unit

∆C = Pre‐deforestation C stock – Post‐deforestation C stock

Emission Factors

Emission/Removal Factors: How much carbon was emitted/removed Emission Factor = 495 tCO2/ha Collected Through Field Inventories: Time‐tested, proven tools for field inventory of forest carbon exist.

Forest - 500 t CO2e/ha Cropland 5 t CO2e/ha

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• Create emission factor for all land use transitions
• Simplified example: Immediate emissions resulting

from land use conversion:

To From: Cropland Forest Shrub Savanna Grassland t CO2‐e/ha Cropland 885 83 67 15 Forest Shrub 764 Savanna 807 43 Grassland 828 65 22

Taken from: Harris, NL, S. Grimland and S. Brown. 2009. GHG emission factors for different land‐use transitions in selected countries/regions of the World. Report submitted to EPA.

Emission factors (for deforestation) IPCC Tiers and Emission Factors

IPCC framework refers to three Tiers for calculating Emission Factors

Tiers for Emission Factors: change in C stocks

• 1. IPCC default values at a continental scale‐high uncertainty
• 2. Country specific data for key factors—medium to low uncertainty
• 3. National inventory of key carbon stocks, repeated measurements or

modeling—medium to low uncertainty

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• 1. Stock‐Change

– Difference in C Stocks in a particular pool over time

• Uses

– Deforestation – A/R

• 2. Gain‐Loss

– Net balance of additions to & removals to a carbon pool

• Uses

– Forest degradation – Enhancement of carbon stocks

IPCC and Emission Estimation Approaches

Section 2: Carbon Pools

How Many Carbon Pools Are Here?

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Carbon Pools

• 5. Soils ‐ Soil and

Peat Organic matter

• 4. Dead Organic

Matter ‐ Litter

• 2. Belowground Live

Biomass Wood products

• 1a. Biomass: Above Ground ‐

Live Tree

• 1b. Biomass: Above Ground ‐

Live Non‐tree

• 3. Dead Organic Matter ‐

Deadwood

Lying deadwood Standing deadwood

Carbon Pools

• Carbon storage:

– 70% in aboveground live trees – 20% in belowground live tree roots – 5% in coarse woody debris – 3% in forest floor – 2% in non‐tree aboveground live vegetation

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Carbon Pools

Which Pools/Gases to Include? The Durban SBSTA text:

• Parties should give reasons for omitting a pool or gas from forest RL/RELs
• Significant pools and gases should not be excluded.
• Recommended that countries determine

which pools are significant, i.e., is a given pool <5% of total or <10% of the total?

• When a given pool represents a very

small proportion of the total, justification can be provided for excluding.

• Where appropriate, conservative defaults

could be considered.

Carbon Pools

Include Pool or Gas?

INCLUDE

If there is no change in this pool or gas between business as usual and REDD+ activity If key category analysis indicates that this pool/gas is insignificant No No If there is already a precedent to exclude a pool or gas for a given activity (e.g., under CDM) No If cost to measure exceeds expected net emissions No NOTE: All pools included in REL/RL must be included in MRV plan

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Carbon Pools

Biomass Dead Organic Matter Soil organic matter Above Ground Below Ground Dead wood Litter Deforestation To cropland Y Y Optional Optional Y To pasture Y Y Optional Optional N To shifting cultivation Y Y Optional Optional N Degradation Degradation Y Optional Y N N Carbon Stock Enhancement Shifting cultivation to forest Y Y Optional Optional N Degraded forest to forest Y Y Optional Optional N

Carbon Pools

• Soils will represent a key category in peat

swamp forests and mangrove forests

– Soil carbon does not have to be measured if land use to which it is converted does not cause it to decrease (e.g. forests to grasslands, selective logging)

• Dead wood is a key category in old growth

forests

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Section 3: NFI and REDD+?

An NFI, a REDD+ program and Carbon?

• 1. NFI & REDD+
• 2. Stratification
• 3. Existing data

NFI and REDD+?

Malaysia NFI Objectives:

• To determine the status of forest area according to

forest stratum;

• To determine the standing volume according to forest

stratum;

• To determine the gross volume according to diameter

class and species group; and

• To provide information on state level for the purpose of

medium‐term forest management planning

(Source: Aman, S. and Parlan, I. Forest Inventory Towards SFM in Malaysia)

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NFI and REDD+ ?

• Advantages

– Potentially allows a landscape approach with all emissions / sequestration captured; – Secondary functions. E.g inventory of timber, biodiversity assessments.

• Disadvantages

– Time‐consuming and expensive to implement compared to focusing directly on activities; – NFI may have inventory plots in a given forest class that are too few to give high precision; – High initial costs, and high annual costs to re‐ measure and maintain every 5 years.

NFI and REDD+ ?

Deforestation Degradation

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NFI and REDD+?

Assess Existing Data Stratify Forests Carbon Stock Field Sampling: Design, Implement, and Analyze Data

Calculate Emission Factors

Assess Existing Data http://www.leafasia.org/library/guid elines‐stratification‐redd‐using‐ national‐inventory

NFI and REDD+?: Stratification

• Stratification refers to the division of

heterogeneous unites into distinct homogeneous groups

• Goal:

– Reduce within stratum variance/improve precision of each stratum – Minimize number of samples required to achieve certain error level

• Stratification based on:
• 1. Ecological factors
• 2. Anthropogenic factors

Assess Existing Data Stratify Forests Carbon Stock Field Sampling: Design, Implement, & AD

Calculate Emission Factors

Assess Existing Data

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NFI and REDD+?: Stratification

Anthropogenic factors

By threat of deforestation:

• Use historical evidence to identify critical

factors of deforestation

• Identify areas with high suitability of

human disturbance or changes in management practice

• Create potential for deforestation map

By accessibility:

• Define accessibility criteria (e.g. 5 km

accessibility to main roads)

• Use spatial analysis to model accessibility

Assess Existing Data Stratify Forests Carbon Stock Field Sampling: Design, Implement, & AD

Calculate Emission Factors

Assess Existing Data

NFI and REDD+?: Existing Data

Assess Existing Data Stratify Forests Carbon Stock Field Sampling: Design, Implement, and Analyze Data

Calculate Emission Factors

Assess Existing Data

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NFI and REDD+?: Existing Data

 Age of data—if older than 10 years may be of limited value  Do data represent “population of interest”?

• Not all forest strata have undergone change—population
• f interest is forests that have or will be changed
• What is coverage –all forests and all species or

commercial forests and commercial species?

 Do data meet accuracy/precision standards?

• NFI may have insufficient number of plots in forest

populations of interest and thus not meet standards

• Does forest inventory report forest volumes and if so

does it meet standards for using common expansion factors?

Assess Existing Data Stratify Forests Carbon Stock Field Sampling: Design, Implement, & AD

Calculate Emission Factors

Assess Existing Data

NFI and REDD+?: Existing Data

• Do data meet accuracy/precision standards?

– Uncertainty of 20% or less at 95% confidence level is generally acceptable for REDD+ – Precision estimates after the data have been stratified into classes that make sense for REDD+?

• Is there a realistic fundable plan in place for plot

re‐measurement every 5 years or so?

• Are there finances and procedures in place to

identify new forest areas and install new plots?

Assess Existing Data Stratify Forests Carbon Stock Field Sampling: Design, Implement, & AD

Calculate Emission Factors

Assess Existing Data

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Section 4: Standards and Protocols Standards and Protocols

• Transparency
• Consistency
• Comparability
• Completeness
• Accuracy

From: GOFC-GOLD 2009

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LEAF/Winrock Protocols

http://www.leafasia.org/tools/terrestrial‐ carbon‐measurement‐sop‐english

Malaysian Protocols?

“Stratified satellite sampling based

• n randomly

distributed permanent sample units”

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Section 5: Measuring Carbon Pools

Sampling Design The 5 Carbon Pools

– Above Ground Biomass (Tree and non‐tree) – Below Ground Biomass – Down deadwood – Litter – Soils

Field measurement plan

 Primary objective should be to gather measurements to estimate carbon stocks in key pools

 Pre and post deforestation, degradation and carbon stock enhancement

 Secondary objectives – can be included if resources are sufficient:

• Timber volume
• Habitat
• Forest health
• Forest fire

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Sampling Plan

Number of Plots Plot Types Plot Distribution Plot Design Measurement Methods Identify Error

Plot Types

Permanent plots

• Statistically more efficient for measuring

incremental growth over time

• Must mark trees to track ingrowth and mortality

Temporary plots

• Measurements made only one time
• Preliminary data
• Most likely baseline land use strata (AR)
• Baseline post‐def strata (REDD)
• Baseline pre‐def strata (if growth not to be measured) (REDD)
• Must be marked for QA/QC (third party)

verification!

• All non‐tree pools are measured

Plot Types Number of Plots Plot Types Plot Distribution Plot Design Measurement Methods Identify Error

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Plot Numbers ‐ Sample Size

Tree Plots

• More variable C stocks –

greater stratification

• Calculate the sample size

(number of plots) based on pre‐sampling Where

– n = number of plots to be measured – Syx = estimation error (10%) – t = Student t value – S = variance – X = mean (carbon stock) value

Number of Plots Plot Types Plot Distribution Plot Design Measurement Methods Identify Error

Plot Numbers – ‘Other Pools’

Non‐tree biomass pools:

• Use plot calculator

OR

• # non‐tree plots in proportion to # tree

plots

• May result in large variance, but overall

carbon in non‐tree pools is small compared to tree pool

• For every tree plot, sample:
• 100 m line transect for dead wood
• 4 sub‐plots for herbaceous, forest floor, soil

Number of Plots Plot Types Plot Distribution Plot Design Measurement Methods Identify Error

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Plot distribution

• Methods

– Simple random – Stratified random – Stratified systematic (preferred) – Stratified random systematic

• Must ensure distribution

is statistically correct

Number of Plots Plot Types Plot Distribution Plot Design Measurement Methods Identify Error

Plot Design

• Determine Plot

Design:

• Single
• Cluster/Nested
• Circular
• Square/rectangle

N -300 m E- 300 m W 300 m S -300 m

300 m 300 m 9 °

Number of Plots Plot Types Plot Distribution Plot Design Measurement Methods Identify Error

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Plot Design

• Important to sample large trees

– Most carbon in landscape stored in the largest trees

• ‘Rule of thumb’ for determining plot size: ~10

stems per nest – but, most important to adequately sample large trees

• Nested plots
• Efficient for uneven age or regenerating forests

with trees growing into new size classes

Number of Plots Plot Types Plot Distribution Plot Design Measurement Methods Identify Error

Plot Design

Ensure that minimum DBH in each nest size is appropriate so that an adequate number of trees is sampled in each nest

Number of Plots Plot Types Plot Distribution Plot Design Measurement Methods Identify Error

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Measurement methods

• Develop standard methods to collect carbon

pool measurements and calculate carbon stocks

• Project must verify existing allometric

equations

• Can use different allometric equations for each

stratum

• Can be based on a few, easily measured tree

properties (DBH)

• Alternatively, may need to create local equations

Number of Plots Plot Types Plot Distribution Plot Design Measurement Methods Identify Error

Measurement methods – Allometric Equations

• Some equations are

pantropical (e.g. Chave et al)

• Some equations are

localized

ln DBH (cm) ln ABG (kg/tree)

Number of Plots Plot Types Plot Distribution Plot Design Measurement Methods Identify Error

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 Many allometric equations exist in the literature

 Chave et al. commonly used, based on about 2,400 individuals across the tropics, with about 28 trees between 90‐150 cm DBH

 Choose an equation that matches your area, climate type, species mix, and land cover type  When choosing an equation, maximum diameters should not greatly exceed maximum diameter of trees used to develop the equation

Measurement methods – Allometric Equations

Number of Plots Plot Types Plot Distribution Plot Design Measurement Methods Identify Error

a) b) c) d) e)

Measurement methods – Allometric Equations

• Destructive Sampling:

– Follow Standard Operating Procedures (SoP) – Measure DBH – Cut tree at base – Measure:

a) Length of tree b) Length of bole c) Diameter of stump

58

d) Diameter of center of bole e) Diameter at top of bole

Number of Plots Plot Types Plot Distribution Plot Design Measurement Methods Identify Error

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Measurement methods – Allometric Equations

Chave et al. equation based on dbh and wood density

Verify existing equations with destructive sampling

( )= ∗ (−. + . ∗ () + .∗(()) − .∗())

Number of Plots Plot Types Plot Distribution Plot Design Measurement Methods Identify Error

Measurement Methods

• 5. Soil Carbon
• 1. Above Ground Biomass
• 2. Below Ground Biomass
• 3. Dead Wood
• 4. Litter

Tree Biomass (Trees + Saplings) Non‐Tree Biomass (Seedlings + Herbs)

Measurement Methods Plot Design Plot Types Number of Plots Plot Types Plot Distribution Plot Design Measurement Methods Identify Error

Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

5 Carbon Pools

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Measurement Methods – Plot Establishment

Initial Lat/Long GPS Point

Random compass direction 300 m 300 m

For each Cluster, four plots are established: 1. Locate plot center (randomly, GPS points, etc) 2. Mark plot center 3. Take GPS waypoint at plot center 4. A random compass point is chosen to determine the direction of the plot on the short arm of the L

300 m

• 5. The other plots are

located on the long arm

• f the L set at 90⁰ to the

short arm.

• 6. Measure slope of plot

Measurement Methods – Plot Establishment

Use clinometer

1. Identify your eye‐level in your partner 2. Stand on center of plot (observer) and on edge (observed) 3. Record angle (degrees or percent)

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AGB: Trees

• Trees:

– Measure all trees in appropriate nest size – Measure DBH at 1.3 m

Large Plot ‐ Radius 20m ‐ Trees > 50cm Medium Plot ‐ Radius 14 m ‐ Trees 20‐50cm Small Plot ‐ Radius 4m ‐ Trees 5‐20cm

Dead Organic Matter Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

AGB: Trees

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AGB: Saplings

Saplings:

– Small trees less than 5 cm DBH, greater than 1.3 m height – In 2 m radius, count number of saplings

Destructive Sampling:

‐ 30 individuals weighed ‐ 10 plots per stratum to collect saplings

Dead Organic Matter Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

AGB: Tree Height

• Depends on allometric
• Two separate measurements of

height should be taken

a % Disttree= _____ (m) % a = _______ (%) % ‐ b = _______ (%) Heye = _______ (m) disttree ‐ b % Heye disttree a %

20/05/2013 28 Palms

• Measurements depend on allometric equation
• Measure height (>1.3m)
• Measure in medium nest??

Bamboo

• Measurements depend on allometric equation
• Measure in largest nest?? (common and small nest)
• Measure:

– Height – Diameter N‐S and E‐W – Number of culms in patch

AGB: Palms, Lianas & Bamboo

Lianas

• Only measure if significant

portion of biomass

• Measure diameter at DBH

Dead Organic Matter Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

DOM: Dead Wood

• Two Types of Dead wood:
• 1. Standing Dead trees
• 2. Lying dead wood
• For both methods, need to

estimate density of dead wood

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter Tree Biomass Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

Biomass = Density x Volume

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DOM: Dead Wood ‐ Standing

• Within live tree plots, standing dead

trees should also be measured and classified into two classes:

• Class 1: Tree with

branches and twigs and resembles a live tree (except for leaves)

• Class 2: Trees ranging

from those containing small and large branches to those with bole only

Class 2 Class 1

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass

Standing Deadwood

Lying Deadwood

DOM: Dead Wood ‐ Standing

Class 1 trees:

– Measure DBH using methods for live trees.

• If nested plots are used,

measure DBH according to nest size

– Note tree as DEAD on datasheet

Class 1

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass

Standing Deadwood

Lying Deadwood

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Class 2 trees:

1. Measure DBH using methods for live trees. 2. Measure diameter at base of tree 3. Measure height of bole using a clinometer 4. If can reach, measure diameter at top directly.

DOM: Dead Wood ‐ Standing

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass

Standing Deadwood

Lying Deadwood

DOM: Dead Wood ‐ Lying

• Measure all woody material ≥10 cm diameter

– Smaller diameter pieces measured in litter clip plots

• Use ‘Line Intersect Method’

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood

Lying Deadwood

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DOM: Dead Wood ‐ Lying

Temporary Plots

• From center of plot lay 50m line
• n each of cardinal directions

(N, S, E, W)

Permanent Plots

• Sampling lines MUST be

randomly located outside plot perpendicular to each other.

50m transect 50m transect

‘Line Intersect Method’:

• Lay two 50 meter transects at right angles.
• Along transect measure diameter

intersecting lying dead wood ≥10 cm

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood

Lying Deadwood

DOM: Dead Wood ‐ Lying

Measure wood Diameter if:

• Line crosses >50% of diameter
• >50% of the log is aboveground

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood

Lying Deadwood

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• All dead wood is classified into

three density classes:

• 1. Sound: Machete does not sink

into the piece (bounces off)

• 2. Intermediate: Machete sinks

partly into the piece, and there has been some wood loss

• 3. Rotten: Machete sticks into the

piece if there is more extensive wood loss, and the piece is crumbly

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood

Lying Deadwood

DOM: Dead Wood ‐ Lying DOM: Dead Wood ‐ Lying

Destructive Sampling to Measure Density:

‐ Randomly collect 30 samples from each species group.

‐ 10 samples/density class/species group ‐ Collect only once per stratum

‐ To measure volume use water displacement method.

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood

Lying Deadwood

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ABG: Non‐Tree Biomass

Includes all above ground vegetation not measured in tree plots or as saplings – Trees < 1.3 m in height – Shrubs (if shrubs are large, may be measured separately) – Grasses – Herbaceous plants

Clip plots:

– Cut or clip vegetation in the plot (50 cm x 50 cm) – Cut all non‐tree biomass and weigh vegetation growing within clip plot

Dead Organic Matter Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass Non‐Tree Biomass

Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

Clip plots:

• Sampling in conjunction with tree plot:

ABG: Non‐Tree Biomass

Permanent Plots:

• Outside the tree plot

boundary Temporary Plots:

• Can take place within

tree plot boundary

Dead Organic Matter Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass Non‐Tree Biomass

Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

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• Weigh all samples to

calculate wet weight.

• Take a representative

subsample of each sample and place in bag.

• Later, oven‐dry subsample at

70ºC to a constant mass and use to estimate dry weight of all vegetation in clip plot

ABG: Non‐Tree Biomass

Dead Organic Matter Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass Non‐Tree Biomass

Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

DOM: Litter

• Defined: all dead organic

surface material on top of the mineral soil.

• Note that dead wood with a

diameter ≤10 cm is included in the litter layer (not the lying dead wood).

Dead Organic Matter Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass

Litter Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

20/05/2013 35 1. Location of plots can be same location as non‐tree biomass 2. Collect litter after non‐tree vegetation

DOM: Litter

3. Use ‘clip plot’ to delineate area 4. At next sampling period, measure in different location

Dead Organic Matter Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass

Litter Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

1. Collect all litter inside clip plot and weigh (for wet weight) 2. Take a representative subsample and place in labeled paper bag 3. Repeat for 3 remaining locations, putting ALL subsamples into the SAME labeled paper bag. 4. Weigh the combined subsample. 5. Later oven‐dry subsample at 70ºC to a constant mass and use to estimate dry weight of all litter

DOM: Litter

Dead Organic Matter Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass

Litter Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

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83

Two measurements:

• 1. Soil organic matter
• 2. Bulk density

Two measurement options

• 1. Soil Core
• 2. Soil Pit

Soil Organic Matter

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon

Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

Soil Organic Matter

Location

• Same as litter plot (4 samples)
• Remove all vegetation and litter to expose mineral soil

surface

• Measure top 30cm of soil
• nly
• Once all 4 litter plots

sampled, take:

‐ Sub‐sample of soil carbon ‐ Sub‐sample of bulk density

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon

Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

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Soil Organic Matter

Soil Core Method

• Insert soil corer/auger/probe into soil

for 30cm

• Collect 1 sample in each of the 4 plots

in the cluster, combine, and mix well

Soil Pit Method

• Dig a 30cm pit and take a slice of soil

from the wall of the pit

• Collect 1 sample in each of the 4 plots

in the cluster, combine, and mix well

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon

Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood 86

Bulk Density:

• Soil Core: Take additional core and

from core sub‐sample known volume.

• Soil Pit: Place bulk density ring at

15cm depth and take sample Care must be taken not to lose soil from sample How deep to sample?

• trade‐off among magnitude of

change expected, detectability of change, precision, and cost

Soil Organic Matter

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon

Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

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Below Ground Biomass

Dead Organic Matter Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

Use Root‐Shoot ratios

– From literature (Mokany et al 2006 )

• BGB = 0.235*AGB, if AGB > 62.5 tC/ha
• BGB = 0.205*AGB, if AGB <= 62.5 tC/ha

– From fieldwork

Below Ground Above Ground

Root:Shoot = BG/AG

Section 6: Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC)

• Plans need to be made to monitor for:

– Quality Assurance (QA) – Quality Control (QC)

• The QA/QC plan should become part of project

documentation and cover the following procedures:

– Field measurements – Laboratory measurements – Data entry – Data analysis – Data maintenance and archiving

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• Standard Operating Procedures should be created

– Ensure Accuracy of measurements (consistency of methods)

• Thorough training of all field crews in procedures

QA/QC for Field Measurements

• Followed by:

Hot Checks ‐ supervisor visits crew in field and verifies measurements Cold Checks ‐ supervisor revisits plots after the departure of crew and reviews recorded measurements Blind Checks ‐ supervisor re‐measures a proportion of plots with no knowledge of data recorded by crew

Blind Checks

– Used to access the amount of error – Remeasure 10 ‐ 20% of plots – This error level should be reported

  100

x s correction after Biomass s correction after Biomass

• s

correction before Biomass (%) Error t Measuremen 

QA/QC for Field Measurements

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• Standard Operating Procedures

should be developed and implemented

• Data should be examined for

numbers that are outside range of most numbers as this may be caused by data entry mistakes

• If problems exist in data entry that

cannot be resolved, this plot should be removed

QA/QC for Data Entry

• Standard Operating Procedures should be

formed for laboratory analysis

• Blind Checks:

– Used to access the amount of error – Remeasure 10‐20% of samples – This error level should be reported   100

x 2 Estimate 2 Estimate

• 1

Estimate (%) Error t Measuremen 

QA/QC for Laboratory Measurements

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• Standard Operating Procedures

should be developed to update and backup all data

• Copies of all data should be stored

in a secure location separate from location of original data

• Update all electronic data to new

types of data storage as technology changes

QA/QC for Data Storage Section 7: Calculating Carbon Pools

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Calculate and sum carbon per hectare in each pool

Biomass Above Gr Live Non‐tree Biomass Above Gr Live Tree Soils Dead OM Standing Dead Wood Dead OM Lying Dead Wood Dead OM Litter

Calculating Carbon Stocks

Biomass Below Gr

Calculating Carbon Stocks (Biomass Stocks ≠ Carbon Stocks)

Biomass (kg/ha) = Density (g/cm3) x Volume (m3) x Scaling Factor

Biomass Stocks ≠ Carbon Stocks

Carbon estimated to be a constant proportion of biomass Live biomass, standing + lying dead wood: Carbon Stock (t C/ha) = Biomass * 0.47 (IPCC Default) Litter: Carbon Stock (t C/ha) = Biomass * 0.4 (IPCC Default) OR: Projects can measure proportion in laboratory using selection of subsamples taken

20/05/2013 43

Plot Area: Correcting For Slope

 If plot is sloped, need to correct plot area.

 If distance is not corrected for slope, biomass will be underestimated

Slope = 25% Projected horizontal radius = 19.4

True Horizontal radius = cos (slope degrees) * radius measured in the field Adjusted Plot Area = π x 20 x 19.4 = 1,219.1m2

Plot Area: Scaling factor

• Standardize all measurements to a per‐hectare basis
• How many of each size plot are in 1 ha?

– 20 m Plot with adjusted radius of 19.4m = 1,219.1 m2 – Scaling Factor of 8.2

• Each tree measured in a nest should be multiplied by

the appropriate scaling factor for its nest size

• Need scaling factors for clip plots and litter plots also

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AGB: Trees

• 1. Calculate biomass of each tree (kg)
• 2. Sum biomass of trees in each nest size
• 3. Multiply biomass by scaling factor for nest size
• 4. Sum biomass/ha of each nest for total biomass in

plot/ha

• 5. Multiple by Carbon %

Dead Organic Matter Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

AGB: Trees

• Use regression or allometric equation to estimate

biomass from DBH

Dead Organic Matter Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 25 50 75 100 125 150

Biomass (kg)

DBH (cm)

∗ exp1.49 2.148 ∗ ln 0.207 ∗ ln DBH 2 0.0281 ∗ ln DBH 3 Wood Density:

• World Agroforestry Centre wood density database
• Default wood densities for tropical Asia = 0.57 g/cm3

Reyes et al (1992) Wood densities of tropical tree species. United States Department

• f Agriculture, 98. Forest Service Southern Forest Experimental Station, New

Orleans, Louisiana. General Technical Report SO‐88. Chave et al (2005) Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical

• forests. Oecologia 145: 87‐99.

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Below Ground Biomass

• Use Root‐Shoot ratios
• BGB = 0.235*AGB, if AGB > 62.5 tC/ha
• BGB = 0.205*AGB, if AGB <= 62.5 tC/ha

BGB AGB

Root:Shoot = BG/AG

Dead Organic Matter Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

Mokany, K., R.J. Raison, and A.S. Prokushkin.

• 2006. Critical analysis of root:shoot ratios in

terrestrial biomes. Global Change Biology 12: 84‐96.

DOM: Lying Deadwood

• Calculate average dead wood densities for

each class

• Sound, Intermediate, Rotten

Density (g/cm3) = Mass (g) / Volume (cm3)

Mass = oven‐dried weight (g)

• 1. Sound Class

Volume = π x (average diameter/2)2 x average width of the fresh sample

2

r A  

W1 W2 Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass

Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

20/05/2013 46

DOM: Lying Deadwood

• 2. Intermediate and Rotten Classes
• Use water displacement method – used for

irregular objects

• Place sample in volumetric cylinder
• Record volume of water displaced by

deadwood sample

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass

Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

• Calculate Biomass for each density class

separately and then sum

Biomass in density class (t/ha) = Volume x Density

Where

d =diameters of intersecting pieces of dead wood L = length of transect

Remember to convert to t C/ha

 

                 L d d d m Volume

n

8 ) (

2 2 2 2 1 2 3



DOM: Lying Deadwood

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass

Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

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Class 1 Trees:

• Calculate as per live‐tree
• Estimate biomass using allometric

equation

• Subtract biomass of leaves

– 3% of biomass for broadleaf species

• Multiply mass of sample by scaling factor

for the appropriate nest size

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass

Standing Deadwood

Lying Deadwood

DOM: Standing Deadwood

Class 1

Remember to convert to t C/ha

Class 2 Trees:

• To be conservative, estimate biomass of bole only
• Estimate biomass using volume and density:

Biomass = Volume * Sound Wood Density (from samples)

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter

Tree Biomass

Non‐Tree Biomass

Standing Deadwood

Lying Deadwood

DOM: Standing Deadwood

• Multiply mass of sample by

scaling factor for the appropriate nest size

• Convert biomass to carbon

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• Calculate dry mass of sample:

Dead Organic Matter Soil Carbon Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass

Litter Tree Biomass Non‐Tree Biomass

Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

Non‐Tree Biomass & Litter

• Multiply mass of sample by scaling factor for the

appropriate nest size

• Convert biomass to carbon
• To accurately measure soil C we must know

1. Soil depth 2. Soil bulk density 3. Organic carbon concentration 4. & have a laboratory that can process samples

• Oven drying at 105oC for 48 hours
• Soil sieve (2mm)
• Dry combustion furnace (i.e. LECO CHN‐2000)

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon

Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter Tree Biomass Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

Soil

20/05/2013 49

• 1. Soil Depth
• Terrestrial Forests: 30cm depth
• Contains majority of C and most susceptible to

land‐use change

• Mangroves : Measure to bedrock or 3m

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon

Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter Tree Biomass Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

Soil

Mangrove soil % Org. Carbon

Organic Carbon content (%)

5 10 15 20

Depth (cm)

• 300
• 250
• 200
• 150
• 100
• 50

mean, 95% CI

• 2. Bulk Density
• Bulk density ring or soil corer
• f known diameter and

length to calculate volume

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon

Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter Tree Biomass Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

Soil

q y

Soil bulk density (g m-3) = Oven-dry sample mass (g) Sample volume (m3)

r

θ

20/05/2013 50

• 3. Organic Carbon Concentration
• Dry combustion method recommended

– LECO CHN‐2000 combusts carbon at 850oC using only 0.1 mg of soil

• Wet combustion

– Walkley‐ Black method (not all C burnt)

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon

Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter Tree Biomass Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

Soil

Soil Carbon Stocks

Dead Organic Matter

Soil Carbon

Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Litter Tree Biomass Non‐Tree Biomass Standing Deadwood Lying Deadwood

Soil

Soil Carbon (Mg ha‐1) = bulk density (g cm‐3) * soil depth interval (cm) * % carbon content

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Total Carbon Stocks & tCO2e

Where:

. , , , , , ,

.

t CO2 e/ha = t C/ha * molecular weight of CO2 [44] / C [12]

Thank You Very Much and Good Luck