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Oct 17, 2023 172 likes •1.13k views

Welcome to the TAICEP webinar A Brief Introduction to International Credential Evaluation Were checking our audio the webinar will begin shortly 2018 TAICEP Webinar Theres still time to register! TAICEPs 4 th Annual Conference

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Welcome to the TAICEP webinar A Brief Introduction to International Credential Evaluation

We’re checking our audio – the webinar will begin shortly

2018 TAICEP Webinar

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There’s still time to register!

TAICEP’s 4th Annual Conference will be held October 1st – 4th in Philadelphia Pennsylvania (USA) this year! To find out more details and register for this exciting event, please visit: https://taicep2018.dryfta.com/en/ We hope to see you there!

2018 TAICEP Webinar

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A Brief Introduction to International Credential Evaluation

2018 TAICEP Webinar

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Peggy Bell Hendrickson, Transcript Research: Peggy is the Director of Transcript

  • Research. She presents & writes about: evaluation strategies, country updates,

professional development, researching international institutions and education systems, electronic verification, native language documents, resource library, more.

2018 TAICEP Webinar

A Brief Introduction to International Credential Evaluation

Presented by:

LesLee Clauson Eicher, AACRAO International: LesLee is currently an Associate Director at AACRAO International. Her primary responsibilities are delivering training programs on international admissions and credential evaluation topics, and evaluating foreign educational credentials. She is President of TAICEP.

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  • Intro and Technology
  • Glossary: Some key terms and concepts
  • Educational Models
  • U.S., U.K., France, Russia
  • Methodology
  • Benchmarking vs. Year-Counting
  • Grading Comparability
  • Credit Comparison and Conversion
  • Document Authenticity

2018 TAICEP Webinar

A Brief Introduction to International Credential Evaluation

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Some Key Terms and Concepts

  • External exams
  • “Transcripts”
  • Institution names (e.g. “college” and other school nomenclature that

means a variety of things depending on place/system)

  • Qualifications framework
  • Grading concepts
  • “Credits”
  • Recognition vs. accreditation
  • Benchmarking vs. year-counting
  • Lower vs. upper-division (a U.S. concept)
  • Language of instruction vs. native language
  • “Translation” vs. evaluation
  • “Official” or “certified” translation vs. “word-for-word, literal, in the same

format as the original document”

  • “Official” vs. original academic records
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2018 TAICEP Webinar

International Credential Evaluation Methodology

1) Benchmarking and Year Counting 2) Credit Comparison and Conversion 3) Grading Comparability 4) Document Authenticity

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Methodology

  • Bench-marking
  • Year Counting
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Approach #1: Benchmarking

Q: What is a benchmark, in terms of education? A: It is the credential that leads to the next-higher level of education. For example, in the U.S., a high school diploma is a benchmark credential. It leads to postsecondary education.

2018 TAICEP Webinar

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Benchmarking

Philippines: 10-, 11-, or 12-year

  • secondary. Admit to undergraduate

program of study? YES! BUT… Australia: 3-year Ordinary Bachelor’s

  • degree. Admit to (post)graduate program
  • f study?

NO!

2018 TAICEP Webinar

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Approach #2: Year Counting

Q: What is year-counting, in terms of education?? A: It is a comparison of the number of years in the “foreign” system to the number of years in the “domestic” system. Admissions decisions are based on whether the number of years in each system matches up. For example, the Russian Bakalavr is a four-year degree. International credential evaluators generally consider this degree comparable to four-year degrees from other countries and systems.

2018 TAICEP Webinar

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Year-Counting

If you’re a year- counter, is this Russian student admissible to graduate study? My Secondary School System

Secondary School Diploma = 12 years Undergraduate degree = 4 years

Russia

Atestat o srednem

  • brazovanie = 11 years

Bakalavr = 4 years

2018 TAICEP Webinar

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Methodology

Credit Comparison and Conversion

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Credit Comparison and Conversion

Credits, units, modules, and other measures of academic workload are simply quantifiers (numbers). There are no absolute measures. For instance: Some systems for quantifying undergraduate workload around the world:

⚫ Bologna ECTS credits = 60 per year FT ⚫ US semester credits = 30-32 per year FT ⚫ UK “CATS” credits = 120 per year FT ⚫ India = # of marks possible per semester or year FT

depends on the program

⚫ Some countries’ systems show no weighting at all

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Credit Comparison and Conversion

Best Practice is:

One Year of Full-Time Study = One Year of Full-Time Study

No matter where you do it, or how you count it.

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Bologna and ECTS (One year FT = 60) Mathematics = 15 Literature = 10 Biology = 15 Biology Lab = 5 Economics = 15 Total = 60

Credit Comparison and Conversion

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U.S. Semester Credits (One year FT = 30) Mathematics = 7.5 Literature = 5 Biology = 7.5 Biology Lab = 2.5 Economics = 7.5 Total = 30

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

The Educational Models

  • United States
  • United Kingdom
  • France
  • Russia
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2018 TAICEP Webinar

United States

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

United States

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

U.S. Education Structure

Years Credential

12 High School Diploma 2 Associate’s Degree [optional] 4 Bachelor’s Degree 2 Master’s Degree 3+ Doctoral Degree

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

U.S. Postsecondary Grading

Letter Grade Grade Point

A, A- 4.0, 3.7 (4.00, 3.67) B+, B, B- 3.3, 3.0, 2.7 (3.33, 3.00, 2.67) C+, C, C- 2.3, 3.0, 2.7 (2.33, 2.00, 1.67 D+, D, D- 1.3, 1.0, 0.7 (1.33, 1.00, 1.67) Conditional pass

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Computing a U.S.-style GPA

T

  • compute a U.S.-style Grade Point Average (GPA)
  • Find the letter grade’s corresponding number (e.g. A [4.0], A- [3.7]). This

number is called a “quality point.”

  • Multiply the quality point by the credit value of the subject. (e.g. 3.7 x 3 =

11.1). The resulting number is called the “grade point.”

  • Add the total of grade points, then divide by the total number of credits. The

resulting number is the GPA. Letter Grade Quality Points Credits Grade Points A 4.00 3 12 C+ 2.30 4 9.2 B- 2.70 3 8.1 A- 3.70 4 14.8 14 44.1 44.1/14 GPA = 3.15 Example

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U.S. High school Transcript

Grades 9, 10, 11, 12

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U.S. Undergraduate Transcript

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Based on the U.S.-model: Korea

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12 years

High School Certificate

  • f

Graduation

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High School Transcript

10

th

, 11

th

, 12

th

grades

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Graduation Certificate - Bachelor’s Degree

4 years

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Bachelor’s Degree Transcript (1)

4 years

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Bachelor’s Degree Transcript (2)

4 years

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Selected List of Countries Based on the U.S. Model

Argen- tina

Bahrain

Brazil China Colom- bia Costa Rica Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Korea Kuwait Liberia Libya Mexico Oman Philip- pines Qatar Saudi Arabia Swazi- land T aiwan

Thailand

Turkey Yemen

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

United Kingdom

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

United Kingdom

(England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland)

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

U.K. Education Structure (not including Scotland)

Years Credential

11 General Certificate of Secondary Education (11) +2 General Certificate of Education, Advanced Level 3-4 Bachelor’s Degree 1-2 Master’s Degree 3+ Doctoral Degree

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England, Wales, Northern Ireland: Qualification and Credit Framework (QCF) (as of 2015)*

http://www.accreditedqu alifications.org.uk/qualific ations-and-credit- framework-qcf.html

* A new framework has been developed called the Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF). It was introduced on 1 October 2015, and is being implemented

  • gradually. It should be complete

by 2018.

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

U.K. Postsecondary Grading

Undergraduate

70-100% First Class 60-69% Second Class, Upper 50-59% Second Class, Lower 40-49% Third/Pass Class

Postgraduate

Distinction Merit Pass These grading scales may vary depending

  • n institution and

program.

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General Certificate

  • f

Secondary Education

After Year 11

US grade comparabilities

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General Certificate

  • f

Secondary Education

After Year 11

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General Certificate

  • f

Secondary Education

After Year 11

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General Certificate

  • f

Secondary Education

After Year 11

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General Certificate

  • f

Education: Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

After Year 12 and Year 13

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Bachelor

  • f Arts
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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Selected List of Countries Based on the U.K. Model

Austra- lia Baha- mas Bangla

  • desh

Botswa

  • na

Camer-

  • on

Carib- bean Hong Kong India Indonesia Ireland Lesoto Myan- mar Macau Malawi Malay- sia Malta Nepal New Zealand Paki- stan Singa- pore South Africa Sri Lanka T anza- nia Ugan- da Zambia Zim- babwe

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

France

(and Francophone Africa)

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

France

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

French Education Structure – LMD (Bologna)

Years Credential

12 Baccalauréat 3 Licence (Professionnelle) - 180 ECTS [Bac+3] 2 Master Recherche / Master Professionnel - 120 ECTS [Bac+5] 3 Doctorat [Bac+8]

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

French Education Structure – 1st Cycle

Years Credential [Bac+2]

2 Diplôme d’Études Universitaires Générales (DEUG) 2 Brevets de Technicien Supérieur (BTS) 2 Diplôme d’Études Universitaires Scientifiques &Technologiques (DEUST) 2 Diplôme Universitaire de Technologie (DUT) 2 Classes Préparatoires aux Grandes Écoles (CPGE)

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

French Education Structure – 2nd Cycle

Years Credential

1 (after 1st Cycle) Licence (Professionnelle) [Bac+3] 1 (after Licence) Maîtrise / Diplôme d’Ingénieur Maître [Bac+4] 2 (after 1st Cycle) Maîtrise de Sciences Techniques / Maîtrise de Sciences de Gestion (MST/MSG) [Bac+4] 3 (after 1st Cycle) Diplôme d’Ingénieur [Bac+5] 3 (after 1st Cycle) Diplôme from a grande école [Bac+5]

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

French Education Structure – 3rd Cycle

Years

Credential 1 (after Maîtrise or Ingénieur) Diplôme d’Études Supérieures Spécialisées (DESS) [Bac+5 or 6] 1 (after Maîtrise or Ingénieur) Diplôme d’Études Approfondies (DEA) [Bac+5 or 6] 2-3 (after 1st Cycle) Magistère [Bac+4 or 5] 2-4 (after DEA) Doctorat [Bac+7 or more]

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

French Postsecondary Grading

20-point Scale Descriptive Grade

16-20 Tres Bien / Very Good 14-15 Bien / Good 12-13 Assez Bien / Quite Good 10-11 Passable / Satisfactory 7.0-9.9 May be Conceded if Passed the Year Grading scale may vary depending on institution and program.

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12 years

High School Graduation

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High School Transcript

10

th

, 11

th

, 12

th

grades

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DEUG (1st Cycle)

2 years

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DEUG Transcript (2)

4 years

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DEUG Transcript (2)

2 years

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Licence Diploma

1 year (after 1st cycle) or 3 years after Bac

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Licence Transcript

1 year (after 1st cycle) or 3 years after Bac

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Selected List of Countries Based on the French Model

Algeria Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo (Republic) Congo (Democratic Republic) Cote d'Ivoire Djibouti France Gabon Guinea Haiti Lebanon Madagascar Mali Martinique Morocco Niger Reunion Senegal Togo Tunisia

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Based on the French Model: Cameroon

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Licence Cameroon

3 years

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Licence Cameroon Transcripts (3)

3 years

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Russia (and former USSR)

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Russian Federation

(and former USSR)

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Russian Education Structure

Years Credential

11 Аттестат о среднем (полном) общем образовании (Certificate of Secondary (Complete) General Education) 4 бакалавра (Bachelor) 5-6 специалиста (Specialist) 2 магистра (Master) 3+ кандидат наук (Candidate of Sciences)

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Russian Postsecondary Grading

5-point Scale Descriptive Grade

5 Отлично/Excellent 4 Хорошо/Good 3 Удовлетворительно/Satisfactory

  • Зачет/Passed
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11 years

Certificate

  • f

Secondary (Complete) General Education

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Secondary School Attachment

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Specialist Diploma

5 years

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Specialist Diploma Attachment to the Diploma (1)

5 years

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Specialist Diploma Attachment to the Diploma (2)

5 years

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Selected List of Countries Based on the Russian Model

Albania Armenia Azer- baijian Belarus Bulgaria Czech Republic Estonia Georgia Hungary Kazakh- stan Kyrgyz- stan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Monte- negro Poland Romania Serbia Slovak Republic Slovenia T ajiki- stan Turkmeni

  • stan

Ukraine Uzbeki- stan

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Based on the Russian Model: Ukraine

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Ukraine Bakalavr Degree

4 years

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4 years

Ukraine Bakalavr attach- ment (1)

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4 years

Ukraine Bakalavr attach- ment (2)

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Methodology

Grading Comparability

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Grading Comparability

  • Institutional Policy Questions
  • Basic Elements
  • Major Grading Systems
  • Grade Conversion Strategies
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Institutional Policy Questions

  • Do you use the indigenous average? Degree Class?
  • Do you look at the entire program or only last 2 years?
  • Do you use weighted values for each course or calculate

a simple average?

  • Do you include repeats in GPA even if the

credential doesn't?

2018 TAICEP Webinar

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Basic Elements

  • f Grading Systems
  • Grading scales are often skewed so that a portion (generally

the highest) is never used

  • Many systems incorporate a minimum pass mark that is below

the average passing grade

  • Condoned/conceded pass may be considered a D grade
  • Need to use the scale for that program/institution before

converting

  • Scales that look like yours (100 point, A-E, etc) might not

correspond in how they're used (India vs. Korea for example)

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

MajorGrading Systems

US-based: A, B, C, D, F British-based: First Class, Second Class Upper Division, Second Class Lower Division, Third Class, Pass Class Russian-based: Отлично, Хорошо, Удовлетворительно, Зачет French-based: Tres Bien, Bien, Assez Bien, Passable Latin-based: Sobresaliente, Muy Bueno, Bueno, Aprobado Numerical Scales: 0-5, 1-7, 1-20, 1-60, percentages, points, marks, etc.

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

  • US-based systems often have 3-4 passing grade ranges
  • Grades are often a combo of numerical, descriptive, and/or letter
  • While the number ranges may vary, descriptive grades are fairly

standard: excellent, (very good), good, average, condoned pass

Korea Iran Mexico US possibility 90-100%, A+,A0, A- 17-20 Muy Bien A 80-89%, B+, B0, B- 14-16 Bien B 70-79%, C+, C0, C- 12-13 Regular C 60-69%, D+, D0, D- 10-11

  • D

0-59%, F 0-9 No Suficiente F

Grade Conversion Strategies: U.S. System

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Grade Conversion Strategies: British System

  • British systems usually have degree classifications
  • Classifications may be different at different levels (Diploma vs.

Bachelor vs. Master degree)

UK Bachelor UK Master India US possibility First: 70-100% Distinction – 70-100% First: 60-100% A Second Upper: 60-69% Merit – 60-69%

  • B+ or B

Second Lower: 50-59% Pass - 50-59% Second: 50-59% B Third: 40-49% Pass – 50-59% Third: 40-49% C+ or C Minimum Pass

  • Minimum: 35-35%

C

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Grade Conversion Strategies: French System

  • French systems usually modeled around 20 point scale, but also

includes variations of 10, 60, 80, 100

  • French systems may allow failed courses to count if passed the year

(condoned/conceded pass)

France 40 pt variation 60 pt variation US possibility 16-20, 14-15 32-40, 28-31 48-60, 42-47 A+, A 12-13 24-27 36-41 B 10-11 20-23 30-35 C 7-9 14-19 21-29 D

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Grade Conversion Strategies: Russian System

  • Russian grading is generally done on a 5-point scale, but failed

grades will not typically appear on completed records

  • Usually only 4-6 subjects per term have numerical grade
  • Зачет (pass) is used for electives, multi-semester course, no

final exam, not in major field – NOT like US "pass" (pass/fail)

Russian Ukranian Uzbek US possibility 5 - Отлично Відмінно Аъло A 4 - Хорошо Добре яхши B 3 - Удовлетворительно задовільно Ўрта C Зачет Зараховано Ўтди Pass/Credit

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Grade Conversion Strategies: Bologna System

  • The Bologna Process aims to provide transparency in qualifications,

education levels, credit systems, and grading

  • Diploma supplement usually includes grading system
  • Some countries/institutions also include crosswalk to local grading

system in their grade legend

Letter Grade Description US possibility A Excellent A B Very Good B+ or B C Good B D Satisfactory C+ or C E Sufficient C

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Methodology

Document Authenticity

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2018 TAICEP Webinar

Document Authenticity

  • Types of Document Fraud
  • Simple Strategies to Help Limit Fraud
  • Strategies to Examine Documents
  • Causes for Concern
  • Security Features
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  • Diploma Mills
  • Counterfeit/Forged Documents
  • Falsified/Altered Documents
  • Internal Fraud (blanks sold or stolen, changed

by employee)

  • Bonus: Translations

2018 TAICEP Webinar

Document Authenticity: Types of Document Fraud

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  • Set clear policies & expectations for "official" documents
  • Publish your requirements; make requirements and

expectations clear up-front

  • Send everything for verification
  • Use a verification or evaluation service
  • Create standardized in-house process for researching

institutions, examining documents, archiving verified documents/contacts, etc

  • Set standards for translations

2018 TAICEP Webinar

Document Authenticity: Simple Strategies to Limit Fraud

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Document your procedures (originals, sealed envelopes, direct, etc) Name of institution, country, educational authority based on year Know your history/current events Send for verification Visual inspection (signatures, format, layout, font, size, stamp/seal, color, logo, wear, etc) Examine with tools (microscope, magnifier, UV light, etc) Feel the document (weight, texture, grain, thickness, gloss) Make a copy to look for security features

2018 TAICEP Webinar

Document Authenticity: Strategies to Examine Documents

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  • Type (font, size, spacing, spelling, handwriting vs. computer
  • vs. type)
  • Computer-generated appearance
  • Asymmetrical
  • Alterations or white-out
  • Language, accent, spelling errors (especially on pre-printed

parts)

  • Forced/shaky signature
  • Seals/logos look hand-drawn

2018 TAICEP Webinar

Document Authenticity: Causes for Concern

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  • Pixelation under microscope
  • Missing security features (UV, watermark, expected

stamps or seals, signatures, etc)

  • Biographical mismatch (name, date of birth, age, gender)
  • Gaps in educational history or incomplete history
  • Grades or credits don't match the GPA or degree class
  • Coursework doesn't correspond to major

2018 TAICEP Webinar

Document Authenticity: More Causes for Concern

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  • Watermarks/artificial watermarks
  • Holograms/kinegrams (often foils)
  • Foil printing (diploma books)
  • Embossing
  • Perforated/continuous paper
  • Security border, band, or box with messages
  • UV thread, fibers, images, watermarks
  • Colors or ink (under microscope)

2018 TAICEP Webinar

Document Authenticity: Security Features

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  • Guilloche and other fine-line patterns
  • Hidden message technology
  • Metallic/foil image, word, numbers
  • Security paper/anti-copy paper
  • Thermochromatic security ink
  • Prismatic printing (rainbow effect)
  • Security threads
  • Chemically sensitive paper

2018 TAICEP Webinar

Document Authenticity: More Security Features

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Thanks for attending! Peggy (peggy@transcriptresearch.com) and LesLee (ClausonL@aacrao.org)

2018 TAICEP Webinar