Inaugural Lecture for the John Adams Institute of Accelerator - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Inaugural Lecture for the John Adams Institute of Accelerator - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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From Quark Confinement to Protein Dynamics via Nano- beams and Attosecond Pulses A Theme with Variations on Microwave Superconductivity and Energy Recovery Swapan Chattopadhyay Associate Director, Jefferson Lab Inaugural Lecture for the John

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Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator

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Swapan Chattopadhyay Associate Director, Jefferson Lab Inaugural Lecture for the John Adams Institute of Accelerator Science at Oxford/RHUL

Oxford University October 25, 2004 From Quark Confinement to Protein Dynamics via Nano- beams and Attosecond Pulses A Theme with Variations on Microwave Superconductivity and Energy Recovery

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OUTLINE

  • Introduction to Jefferson Lab and its activities
  • Motivation for CEBAF Energy Upgrade 6 GeV 12 GeV
  • Control of Lorent

ntz z Detuning ing in High Gradient SRF linacs: 12 GeV Upgrade and ILC

  • Ultrabrigh

abright via Energy Recovery — Acceleration and Radiation in Vacuum — Energy Recovery in JLab FEL and CEBAF — Future Prospects with Energy Recovering Linacs

  • Ultrashor

ashort Probes — Science — Generation Mechanisms

  • Ultracold

acold Beams — Microwave and Optical Stochastic Cooling

  • Outlook
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Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA

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Jefferson Lab Site

Core Activities

  • Nuclear/Particle Physics
  • Photon Sciences: synchrotron

radiation and FELs

  • Microwave Superconductivity:

superconducting radiofrequency technology

  • Accelerator Physics

(youngest of the 10 national laboratories of pure science in the DOE Office of Science Complex)

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Canvas of Photon Sciences

THz FEL R&D to enable ERL’s

JLab Proposed R&D JLab Upgraded User Facility

Accelerator Physics and SRF technology

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Jefferson Lab Accelerator Site

CEBAF SRF recirculating linac

Test Lab at the Institute for Superconducting Radio-Frequency Science and Technology

  • SNS drive linac
  • JLab - FEL

FEL

Nuclear Physics Detector Halls A, B, C

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Applied Research Center: A Model Incubation Center for University, Industry, Local Business and National Laboratory

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  • Our approved research program involves half of our 2100 member user community:

1011 scientists from 167 institutions in 29 countries

*

JLab is the Leading International Facility in Hadronic Physics

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…JLab has developed the requirements to aggressively pursue a construction plan that meets the original delivery dates…The team, continues to work closely with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Argonne National Lab to pursue construction and testing activities and meet schedule milestones…

US Spallation Neutron Source: A model B$ class collaboration

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Accelerator Physics Collaborations

LBNL/LLNL/SLAC DESY/TESLA Hamburg

  • Daresbury

4 GLS

  • 7 – SNS (ORNL)

8 – ILC (SLAC,FNAL,..) 9 – Adams Inst. of Accel. Science (Oxford/RHUL) 1 – RIA (MSU, ANL) 2 – TESLA (DESY, FNAL) 3 – ERL Prototype (Cornell) 4 – 4 GLS (Daresbury) 5 – RHIC II (BNL) 6 – Femtosource (LBNL, LLNL,MIT)

FNAL ANL • MSU BNL

  • ORNL
  • Cornell

JLab MIT

  • and today, Adams Institute of

Accelerator Science at Oxford/RHUL!

Oxford/ RHUL

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NUCLEAR PARTICLE PHYSICS

Strategic Simulation: Lattice-gauge QCD Code

12 GeV e– 10 GeV “g ” Possible at JLab’s 12 GeV Upgrade of CEBAF.

CEBAF Energy Upgrade from 6 GeV to 12 GeV: Approved DOE near-term project: Color Mapping in QCD

“Gluonic Excitations” Q Q

t << 10-21 sec.

Graduate Research!!

Exotic Meson spectroscopy with “gluon degrees of freedom excited”

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Quark-Anti-Quark Flux Tube: “String”

Lasscock, Leinweber, Thomas & Williams

Experimental Understanding of “Quark Confinement”

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6 GeV CEBAF

CHL-2

Upgrade magnets and power supplies

12

E > 20 MV/m Needs control of Lorentz Detuning

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Lorentz Detuning Expected in the International Linear Collider

  • Use 2 linear accelerators
  • Throwaway beam
  • Repeat

—beam generation —acceleration —collision quickly E ~ 35 MV/m will also require control of Lorentz Detuning of SRF cavities, specifically to control transverse offset leading to luminosity loss

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From TESLA Technical Design Report

A Typical SRF Linac Section

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History of Beam Size in e+e- Colliders

ILC

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Colliding Nano-Beams in ILC

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Transverse off-sets can arise from ground motion or RF phase distortion coupled via dispersion in collision magnetic optics

Must control RF Lorentz Detuning

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RF Control of Lorentz Detuning

  • Algorithm choice
  • Large Lorentz forces
  • Narrow bandwidth

 Detuning curve is VERY different.

Overall performance requirements:

  • Amplitude: 1x10-4
  • Phase:

0.1º

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

  • 1,000
  • 800
  • 600
  • 400
  • 200

200

Detuning (Hz) Energy Content (Normalized) CEBAF 6 GeV CEBAF Upgrade

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Lorentz Detuning Effects

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

  • 1,000
  • 800
  • 600
  • 400
  • 200

200

Detuning (Hz) Energy Content (Normalized)

CEBAF 6 GeV CEBAF Upgrade Resonant frequency relative to that at low field (Hz)

Peak moves as (gradient)2

  • 200

+200 +400 +600 +800

Frequency relative to master oscillator (Hz)

Tuner must run  slow Is there an alternative?

12 GeV CEBAF Upgrade: x9 ILC: x16 CEBAF Upgrade gradient: x3 ILC gradient: x4

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RF Control (cont’d)

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RF Control (cont’d)

  • Algorithm for Amplitude and Phase Control.

Graduate Research topic!! Applied Math, EE, Nonlinear Dynamics!

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ULTRABRIGHT BEAMS via Energy Recovery

Need to appreciate the connection between acceleration and radiation in vacuum in order to understand the mechanism of Energy Recovering Linacs (ERLS)

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Acceleration and Radiation in Vacuum and Energy Recovery

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Acceleration and Radiation In/Of Vacuum

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Acceleration and Radiation In/Of Vacuum (cont’d)

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Acceleration and Radiation In/Of Vacuum (cont’d)

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Acceleration and Radiation In/Of Vacuum (cont’d)

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Acceleration and Radiation In/Of Vacuum (cont’d)

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RF Power Draw in Energy Recovery 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1 2 3 4 5 Current (mA) RF Power (kW/klystron)

Measured No Energy Recovery Max Klystron Output Measured w/ Energy Recovery

Energy Recovery and its Potential

Superconducting Linac Energy Recovery Loop Photoinjector

 10 kW average power  2–6.5 microns  500 femtosecond pulses  75 MHz rep rate

JLab ERL-based Free Electron Laser First high current energy recovery experiment at JLab FEL, 2000

1 MW class electron beam, (100 MeV x 10mA), comparable to beam power in CEBAF accelerator (1 GeV x 1mA), but supported only by klystrons capable

  • f accelerating 10-100 kW electron beam.
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ERL R&D – Relevance to Nuclear Physics and JLab Core Competency (cont’d)

High Energy Demonstration of Energy Recovery

  • Beam will be accelerated from 45 MeV to 1 GeV

and energy recovered to 45 MeV. Plan to inject at 10 to 20 MeV and test energy recovery with energy ratio up to ~100

  • Beam properties, beam halo to be measured at

several locations

  • Experiment was approved and performed for

March-April 2003

Phase delay chicane Injector 45 MeV 500 MeV 500 MeV 1 GeV 1 GeV 500 MeV 500 MeV 45 MeV

CEBAF-ER Installation

Graduate Research: possibilities

  • f Energy Recovery plus Current

Doubling for future facilities

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First Energy Recovery Experiment at High Energy at CEBAF, April 2003

Beam profiles at end (SL16) of South Linac

~ 1 GeV Accelerating beam ~ 100 MeV Decelerating beam

  • 0.10
  • 0.05

0.00 0.05 0.10 400x10

  • 6

300 200 100 Tim e (s) with ER without ER

Time (sec) Voltage (V)

Gradient modulator drive signals with and without energy recovery in response to 250 sec beam pulse entering the rf cavity

Energy Ratio of up to 1:50 tested at CEBAF (20 MeV 1 GeV)

 

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ERL R&D for Electron-Ion Colliders, Electron Cooling of Ion Beams and Bright Light Sources

10 102 103 104

0.1 1 10 100 1000

CEBAF Energy Recovery Experiment at High Energy

Facilities

2 kW JLab FEL

Average Current [mA] Energy [MeV] ERL

High Energy Path High Current Path

Energy Recovery Experiment at High Current at JLab FEL/ERL

Two complementary and orthogonal branches to complete the required ERL R&D.

Accelerator R&D Issues Creation, transport and acceleration of extremely low-emittance, high-current beams up and down the “energy cycle”

1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 10

15

10

16

10

17

10

18

10

19

10

20

10

21

10

22

1x10

23

10

24

1x10

25

1x10

26

1x10

27

CEBAF ALS fs slicing

ERL

  • 3rd. G en. SR
  • 2nd. G en. SR

Peak Brilliance @ 8 keV (ph/s/o.1% /m m

2/m r 2)

X-ray Pulse Duration (ps)

JLab/Daresbury/Cornell Collaboration

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ULTRASHORT PULSES

  • -Science and Generation Mechanisms
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Scientific Possibilities with :

Femto- and Atto-second Electron Pulses, X-rays, g-rays and FELS

allows pump-probe experiments @ 10 –17 second scale Femtosecond Laser Attosecond Electron Beam Pulse Attosecond Light and X-rays 10 –18 seconds < t < 10 –15 seconds

~ ~

Novel interactions of ultrashort pulses with particles/atoms/molecules/bulk matter at the Quantum Limit of Rapidity

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Biochemistry
  • Life Sciences
  • Statistical Physics
  • Exotic Atomic Physics:

“Coherent Ionization” and “Quantum Entangled States”

  • Particle Physics
  • Nuclear Physics

Motivation

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Lattice vibrations and 'Phonon' spectrum characterized by Debye time-scale : t = n - 1 = h / kT ~ 100 fs @ room temp. Lattice relaxation time : h n  kT Phonons Thermal Bath PHASE TRANSITIONS like surface melting

  • etc. take place on this 1 - 100

fs time-scale. EXTREMELY VALUABLE INFORMATION for SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS. e.g. silicon Resolution ~ Å CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS

Phonon Dynamics on a Surface

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Incoherent vs. Coherent Ionization “Quantum Entanglement”

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“helices” “b-sheets” t = t j i R(i,j t,t ) C(k,k w,w) pulse sequence schematic to study correlation via a “physical” experiment (as opposed to chemical or biological expt.) Pu

t5

Pu

t1 t2 Pr t3 Pr t4 Pr t6 Pr t7 Pr

i “stretched” uncoiled protein t = 0 j “coiled-up folded” protein t = 1 µs i j Resolution ~ 1–100 Å LIFE SCIENCES

Strategic Simulation: Hybrid Langévin Code

Controlled Study of “Protein Folding”

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The JLab IR Demo Laser

Superconducting Linac

Energy Recovery Loop

Photoinjector

The JLab Laser

the world’s most powerful femtosecond free electron laser the world’s most powerful tunable IR free electron laser

Wiggler  10 kW average power  2–6.5 microns  500 femtosecond pulses  75 MHz rep rate

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Second Harmonic Lasing

  • 2.925 microns, 0.6 micron

detuning width

  • 4.5 W average power
  • TM01 or higher mode
  • Gain of 1.35% per pass

Submitted to PRL

fs 300  t

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Reference: Generation of Femtosecond Pulses of Synchrotron Radiation

  • R. Schoenlein, S. Chattopadhyay, H.H.W. Chong, T.E. Glover,

P.A. Heimann, C.V. Shank, A.A. Zholents, M.S. Zolotorev Science, Vol. 287, No. 5461, March 24, 2000, p. 2237. Unique experiment in the world Optical Manipulation of Beams

Laser Femto-slicing of Electron Beams

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Septum Dump Sample isochronous lattice

Train of attosecond

electron bunches

e-

S N S N  w N S S N

laser pulse, ~0.2 mJ

Magnetic dispersion of electrons

  • Energy modulation was demonstrated at the ALS for femtosecond

x-ray generation

  • Micro-bunching at 10 m was demonstrated at ATF/BNL
  • Electron pulse separation (slicing) down to 0.1 m must be studied

Flux of the attosecond electron bunches: train of ~100 bunches, ~106 e/bunch, 10 kHz rep. rate

0.8 micron

~200as

0.8 micron period

DE

t

Atto-Slicing: Laser Slicing Technique

  • A. Zholents, et al.
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e

synchrotron 2) Synchrotron: ~1500 MeV , 300 x 1 nC, 5 mm-mrad, 1 kHz, continues injection

(shorter pulses)

Source of electrons: linac 1) SC rf linac: ~100 MeV , 10 nC, 5 mm-mrad, 10 kHz

(higher average flux, high brightness)

N S S N S S N N

e-

Laser Slicing Technique (cont’d)

Being explored at JLab

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ULTRACOLD BEAMS

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FERMI - Beam N 2 1 BOSE - Beam at the lowest possible temperature Beams of BOSONS and FERMIONS at the limit of quantum degeneracy where quantum mechanical collective behavior is important. Can one ever cool particle beams to the limit of such “condensates” ?? Quantum relaxation time ~ 10–17sec Quantum diffraction- limited volume in phase-space :

N

2

( ) 2 S + 1

(S spin of the Fermions)

(n)

ex ey ez >

(n) (n)

3

c ( )

c= h

mc

Compton Wavelength

=

Quantum diffraction- limited volume in phase-space :

(n)

ex ey ez >

(n) (n)

2 3

c

( ) STATISTICAL PHYSICS

Strategic Simulation: Molecular Dynamics Code

Particle Beam Condensates

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Microwave Stochastic Beam Cooling

Phase Space Control and Cooling of Charged Particles in a Storage Ring

Laser cooling limited due to “fixed” narrow-band laser spectral

  • lines. Circumvented in storage rings by microwave “Broadband”

stochastic cooling.

  • Discovery of “W&Z Bosons”: Cold “Antiprotons”:
  • Anti-Hydrogen:

Cold “Antiprotons” (CERN 1983) (CERN 2002)

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Degrees of freedom of fluctuation signals in time (t)-frequency(ω) plane

Information Processing in Two-Dimensional Fluctuation Signals

These are “temporal” samples or slices in time. How about transverse “spatial” samples? Microwaves are too long in wavelength. Independent degrees of freedom of fluctuation signal, M = 2W · t (Nyquist Criterion)

Cooling rate is proportional to “M”.

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Transverse Sampling of Particle Beams by Radiation Beam

Optical Sampling of Charged Particle Beam

Optical Coherence Volume Beam Emittance <<

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Optical Stochastic Cooling

Possible Application of Optical Cooling in Heavy Ion Rings (e.g. RHIC)

Ultimate limitation by the “quantum” degeneracy parameter => number of photons/sample

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Classical and quantum phase space of multiparticle, multimode beam- radiation system

Classical and Quantum Phase Space of Beam and Radiation System: Seeded Coherence

Can be used as “Seed” for Coherent Amplification of Radiation, e.g., “Seeded FELS” such as BNL, MIT, LBNL, etc., studies. Radiation phase- space of Mth mode Classical Beam Phase Space of ith particle Single particle quantum phase-space of ith particle Total Phase Space

  • f Beam-Radiation

System

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Incoherent (a) and coherent (b) beams and their fluctuation spectra

Evolution of Coherence through “Seeding” Fluctuations and “Coherent/Condense” Beams Incoherent Coherent:

Diffraction - limited

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Outlook

  • Understanding “Quantum

Optics” driven by accelerated charges will be critical in these

  • studies.  Coherence and

degeneracy of an attosecond light pulse in the THz!!

  • Opportunities in Ultrafast

Science, Nonlinear Dynamics, SCRF, THz Laboratory Astrophysics look exciting!!

“only a few photons in coherence volume”

Fascinating graduate research!!

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SLIDE 59

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator

Facility

st/SC-Oxford/RHUL Seminar-Oct. 28, 2004, page 59