in Flexible Pavements R. Christopher Williams Mohamed Abdel Raouf - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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in Flexible Pavements R. Christopher Williams Mohamed Abdel Raouf - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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College of Engineering Colle College ge of of Enginee Engineering ring Engineering a Non-Petroleum Binder for Use in Flexible Pavements R. Christopher Williams Mohamed Abdel Raouf Discovery with Purpose www.engineering.iastate.edu

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SLIDE 1

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu Colle College ge of

  • f Enginee

Engineering ring

Engineering a Non-Petroleum Binder for Use in Flexible Pavements

  • R. Christopher Williams

Mohamed Abdel Raouf

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SLIDE 2

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Presentation Outline

  • Production of bio-oils and characteristics
  • Experimental plan and upgrading of bio-oil
  • Characteristics of bio asphalt
  • Environmental Opportunities
  • Summary/Conclusions
  • Ongoing and next steps in research
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SLIDE 3

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Impetus for Research

  • Developing bio-economy
  • Link between bio-economy and transportation

infrastructure

  • Renewable sources of materials
  • Economic opportunity
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SLIDE 4

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Fast Pyrolysis

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SLIDE 5

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Fast pyrolysis - rapid thermal decomposition of organic compounds in the absence of oxygen to produce gas, char, and liquids

  • Liquid yields as high as 78% are possible for relatively short residence

times (0.5 - 2 s), moderate temperatures (400-600 oC), and rapid quenching at the end of the process

Biomass Monomers/ Isomers Low Mol.Wt Species Ring-opened Chains H+ H+ M+ M+ Aerosols High MW Species Gases/Vapors Thermo- mechanical Ejection Vaporization Molten Biomass T ~ 430oC (dT/dt)→∞ CO + H2 Synthesis Gas Reforming TM+ Volatile Products M+ : Catalyzed by Alkaline Cations H+ : Catalyzed by Acids TM+ : Catalyzed by Zero Valent Transition Metals (Observed at very high heating rates) Oligomers

Source: Raedlin (1999)

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SLIDE 6

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu Corn stover (0.5-1.0mm)

10 run average, different conditions sbio-oil = 6.09%; schar= 8.27%

Corn fiber (1.0 mm)

2 run average, same conditions sbio-oil = 1.33%; schar= 0.148% 26% 18% 56%

Red oak (0.75 mm)

6 run average, different conditions sbio-oil = 2.21%; schar= 1.89%

17% 12% 69% 2%

37% 30% 33%

Bio-oil Biochar Gas Unaccounted *Auger pyrolyzer, ISU (2008)

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SLIDE 7

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Efficiency and cost of bio-oil production

  • Energy efficiency
  • Conversion to 75 wt-% bio-oil translates to

energy efficiency of 70%

  • If carbon used for energy source (process

heat or slurried with liquid) then efficiency approaches 94%

  • Cost
  • $17-$30/bbl (assuming feedstock cost of

$50/ton)

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SLIDE 8

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Bio-Oil

  • Advantages include:
  • Liquid fuel
  • Decoupled conversion processes
  • Easier to transport than biomass
  • r syngas
  • Disadvantages
  • High oxygen and water content

makes bio-oil inferior to petroleum-derived fuels

  • Phase-separation and

polymerization and corrosiveness make long-term storage difficult

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SLIDE 9

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Recovery of Bio-oil as Fractions

Fraction 1 Fraction 2 Fraction 3 Fraction 4 Yield (wt-% of biomass) 8.0% 6.0% 29.2% 21.3% Moisture 1.54% 6.43% 5.63% 74.94% Major chemicals levoglucosan phenolics lignin oligomers acids

Pyrolyzed corn fiber from wet milling

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SLIDE 10

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Characteristics of Bio-oil Fractions

Property

  • Cond. 1
  • Cond. 2
  • Cond. 3
  • Cond. 4

ESP Fraction of total oil (wt%) 6 22 37 15 20 pH

  • 3.5

2.7 2.5 3.3 Viscosity @40oC (cSt) Solid 149 2.2 2.6 543 Lignin Content (wt%) High 32 5.0 2.6 50 Water Content (wt%) Low 9.3 46 46 3.3 C/H/O Molar Ratio 1/1.2/0.5 1/1.6/0.6 1/2.5/2 1/2.5/1.5 1/1.5/0.5

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SLIDE 11

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Products Generated from Bio-Oil

  • Biomass pyrolyzed to bio-oil
  • Bio-oil fractions converted to renewable fuel, asphalt, and
  • ther products

Pyrolyzer Sugars Phenols Acids Fuel Asphalt Co-Products Biomass

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SLIDE 12

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Experimental Plan

Blend # Binder Type Polymer Modifier Type Blending Percentage AAM Bitumen None None AAD Blend 1 Oakwood Bio-oil Control Blend 2 P1 2 Blend 3 P1 4 Blend 4 P2 2 Blend 5 P2 4 Blend 6 P3 2 Blend 7 P3 4 Property Polyethylene (P1) Oxidized Polyethylene (P2) Polyethylene (P3) Drop Point, Mettler (°C) 101 108 115 Density (g/cc) 0.91 0.93 0.93 Viscosity @140°C (cps) 180 250 450 Bulk Density (kg/m3) 563 536 508

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SLIDE 13

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Viscosity-Temperature Susceptibility

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 2.74 2.76 2.78 2.80 2.82 2.84 2.86 2.88 2.90 Log Log Viscosity (Pa·s) Log Temperature (Rankine) Blend 1 Blend 2 Blend 3 Blend 4 Blend 5 Blend 6 Blend 7 AAM AAD

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SLIDE 14

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Effect of Shear Rate on Viscosity

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 20 40 60 80 100 120 Viscosity (cP) Shear Rate (rpm) AAM at 110 AAD at 110 Blend 1 at 60 Blend 2 at 60 Blend 3 at 60 Blend 4 at 100 Blend 5 at 100 Blend 6 at 100 Blend 7 at 100

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SLIDE 15

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Arrhenius Model for AAM

R² = 0.9936 2 4 6 8 10 12 2.7E-04 2.8E-04 2.9E-04 3.0E-04 3.1E-04 3.2E-04 3.3E-04 3.4E-04 Log Viscosity (Pa.S) 1/R*Temp (K) 2 4 10 20 50 100

  • Expon. (20)
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SLIDE 16

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Arrhenius Model for AAD

R² = 0.9934 2 4 6 8 10 12 2.7E-04 2.8E-04 2.9E-04 3.0E-04 3.1E-04 3.2E-04 3.3E-04 3.4E-04 Log Viscosity (Pa.S) 1/R*Temp (K) 2 4 10 20 50 100

  • Expon. (20)
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SLIDE 17

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Arrhenius Model for Blend 1

R² = 0.9889 2 4 6 8 10 12 3.3E-04 3.4E-04 3.5E-04 3.6E-04 3.7E-04 3.8E-04 3.9E-04 Log Viscosity (Pa.S) 1/R*Temp (K) 2 4 10 20 50 100

  • Expon. (20)
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SLIDE 18

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Arrhenius Model for Blend 2

R² = 0.9991 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 3.3E-04 3.4E-04 3.5E-04 3.6E-04 3.7E-04 3.8E-04 3.9E-04 Log Viscosity (Pa.S) 1/R*Temp (K) 2 4 10 20 50 100

  • Expon. (20)
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SLIDE 19

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Arrhenius Model for Blend 4

R² = 0.9774 2 4 6 8 10 12 2.7E-04 2.8E-04 2.9E-04 3.0E-04 3.1E-04 3.2E-04 3.3E-04 3.4E-04 Log Viscosity (Pa.S) 1/R*Temp (K) 2 4 10 20 50 100

  • Expon. (20)
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SLIDE 20

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Secondary Charcoal Generation

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SLIDE 21

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Nature, Vol. 442, 10 Aug 2006

Bio-char: Soil amendment & carbon sequestration

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SLIDE 22

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

*However, biochar quality is very

  • important. The wrong type of biochar

can cause yield decreases!

Several studies have reported large increases in crop yields from the use

  • f biochar as a soil amendment.

However, most of these studies were conducted in the tropics on low fertility soils. Need to study how temperate region soils will respond to biochar amendments.

20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 30000

Plant Population (plants/Ac)

Control Biochar (4.4 ton/Ac) Biochar (8.2 ton/Ac) B AB A

Plant Population on 6/24/08

(Seeding rate 30000)

160 170 180 190

Yield (bu/Ac) Control Biochar (4.4 ton/ac)

B

Biochar (8.2 ton/ac)

AB A

175 bu/ac n = 12 177 bu/ac n = 12 171 bu/ac n = 32

Corn yield 2008

(56 total plots)

First year trials in Iowa showed a 15% increase plant populations, and a 4% increase in corn grain yield from biochar applications.*

Laird et al.

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SLIDE 23

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Carbon Stored (lb/acre/yr)

Greenhouse gases reduced by carbon storage in agricultural soils

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Pyrolytic Char No-Till Switchgrass No-Till Corn Plow-Tilled Corn Char from pyrolyzing one-half of corn stover

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SLIDE 24

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Summary

  • Bio asphalt has similar temperature sensitivity to

petroleum derived asphalt.

  • The temperature range for the bio-oil and bitumen

blends were different.

  • An asphalt derived from biomass has been

developed that behaves like a viscoelastic material just like petroleum derived asphalt.

  • The bio asphalt can be produced locally
  • The production process sequesters greenhouse

gases.

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SLIDE 25

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Ongoing Activities

  • Performance grade binders have been developed
  • Mix performance testing
  • Rutting
  • Fatigue Cracking
  • Thermal Cracking
  • Building test pavement sections
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SLIDE 26

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Moving Forward

  • Laboratory mix performance
  • Scale up of production facilities
  • Substantial capital investment
  • Multiple end markets for pyrolysis products
  • Demonstration projects
  • Biomass composition varies, and thus products can

vary

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SLIDE 27

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Thanks & Acknowledgements

  • Center for Sustainable Environmental Technology
  • Robert Brown
  • Sam Jones, Marge Rover
  • Iowa Energy Center
  • Iowa Department of Transportation
  • Mark Dunn & Sandra Larson
  • Scott Schram, John Hinrichsen & Jim Berger
  • Iowa Highway Research Board
  • Counties and Local Agencies
  • Asphalt Paving Association of Iowa
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SLIDE 28

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose

www.engineering.iastate.edu

Thank You! & Questions?