ILO training 8 December Introduction to climate change mitigation Ivo Besselink UNDP Asia-Pacific Resource Centre Bangkok Ivo.besselink@undp.org
• Global emissions and emission trends • Climate Change mitigation actions and technologies • Barriers and interventions • Climate change negotiations �
• Global emissions and emission trends • Climate Change mitigation actions and technologies • Barriers and interventions • Climate change negotiations �
What are we talking about? Global Climate Change Climate Greenhouse Mitigation : change Adaptation gas emissions reduce impacts reduce emissions, vulnerability reduce Mitigation: to CC magnitude Carbon impacts; of CC sinks : forests reduce (less CO2) linkages and land use losses changes (CO2 sequestration) � 4
Terminology Greenhouse gases under Kyoto Protocol: – Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) – Methane (CH 4 ) – Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) – Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) – Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) – Sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) (Certified) Emission Reduction = (C)ER – 1 CER = 1 ton of CO 2 -eq �
Terminology • Some greenhouse gases are more ‘potent’. Global warming potential = ‘GWP’ E.g. methane is 21 x stronger than CO 2 . • Therefore: 1 ton of CH 4 =21 tons of CO 2 = 21 tons of CO 2 -eq �
Global trends in GHG emissions • Global GHG emissions have grown since pre-industrial times. • Between 1970 and 2004 emissions have increased 70% • Broken down on sectors the growth in GHG emissions was as follows: • Energy supply: 145% • Transport: 120% • Industry: 65% • LULUCF: 40% • Agriculture: 27% • Buildings: 26% • The emission of GHGs have increased at different rates: • CO 2 emissions represent about 77% of total anthropogenic GHGs and have grown about 80% from 1970 - 2004 �
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����������������������������������� � Largest emitters where not included in the 1st commitment period of KP � Developed and developing country emissions currently about equal �
The mitigation challenge according to IPCC • Without action - global CO 2 emissions will grow between 40 and 110% between 2000 and 2030 • To stay below 2 degrees global average warming and avoid major damages: • global CO 2 emissions should start declining by 2015 and • be reduced with 50-85% below 2000 level by 2050 ��
Carbon emission trends higher than predicted Source: Synthesis Report, Climate change congress, by Richardson et. al., March 2009, Copenhagen ��
World GHG emissions – three scenarios While energy-related CO 2 will continue to dominate, there is strong potential to reduce other emissions through improved efficiency, better farm management & reduced gas flaring ��
Impacts of 2°C warming – worse ��
• Global emissions and emission trends • Climate Change mitigation actions and technologies • Barriers and interventions • Climate change negotiations ��
Methane capture lagoon CH 4 CH 4 Slurry as fertilizer Biogas for energy ��
Landfill gas extraction • Capture of methane from a landfill METHANE GAS Bad Odor &Green Housegas CH 4 ��
Energy Efficiency in industries • Savings on fossil fuel spending, e.g. factories. Biogas for heating in stead of heavy fuel oil. (e.g. brewery) ��
Renewable Energy projects (hydropower) • Hydropower projects which replace greenhouse gas emissions (e.g. from coal fired power plants) ��
RE projects (biogas for households) • Households using biogas in stead of kerosene, anthracite coal, firewood, etc. for cooking Input: Animal Output: Biogas (used dung (and for cooking and human faeces) lighting) Output: bio- slurry (fertilizer) ��
Reforestation and afforestation • Reforestation of degraded areas (before 1990 deforested) or afforestation (already deforested more than 50 years) ��
Global mitigation cost curves ��
Examples of technologies ��
• Global emissions and emission trends • Climate Change mitigation actions and technologies • Barriers and interventions • Climate change negotiations ��
The Concept of Barriers “The transfer of technologies and practices that have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is often hampered by barriers that slow their penetration” [IPCC, 2001 Mitigation: Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report] • A barrier is any obstacle to reaching a potential that can be overcome by a policy, programme, or measure. • An opportunity is a situation or circumstance to decrease the gap between the market potential of a technology or practice and the economic, socioeconomic, or technological potential. • Barriers and opportunities tend to be context-specific, and can change over time and vary across countries. Policies, programmes, and measures may be used to help overcome barriers. ��
Barriers • According to WBCST: economic and market barriers are the greatest obstacles to climate change mitigation/technology transfer. Source: UNFCCC (2006) ��
Mitigation potential and barriers ��
Sources of Barriers and Opportunities 1. prices 2. financing Barriers 3. trade categories 4. market structure or areas… 5. institutional frameworks 6. Information provision 7. social, cultural and behavioral norms and aspirations Within each of these areas, barriers and opportunities represent: – failures or imperfections in markets, policies, or other institutions that lie between the market potential and the possible achievement of the economic potential – Other barriers are aspects of institutions or social and cultural systems that separate the economic and socioeconomic potentials . �� 4.27
Opportunities for Mitigation differ by Region • In industrialized countries, opportunities lie primarily in removing social and behavioral barriers; • In countries with economies in transition , opportunities lie primarily in price rationalization; • In developing countries , opportunities lie primarily in price rationalization, increased access to data and information, availability of advanced technologies, financial resources, and training and capacity building. • NB: These three categories of countries are not homogenous • Opportunities for any given country might be found in the removal of any combination of barriers. �� 4.28
Policy options available • Effectiveness of policies depends on national circumstances, their design, interaction, stringency and implementation • Integrating climate policies in broader development policies • Regulations and standards • Taxes and charges • Tradable permits • Financial incentives • Voluntary agreements • Information instruments • Research and development Institutional capacity to develop and implement policies needed ��
Examples Sector Mitigation ’tools’ Energy supply • Reduction of fossil fuel subsidies • Taxes or carbon charges on fossil fuels • Feed-in-tariffs for RE technologies • RE obligations • Producer subsidies Transport • Mandatory fuel economy • Biofuel blending • Taxes on vehicles purchase • Registration, use and motor fuels, road and parking pricing • Land use regulations and infrastructure planning to influence mobility needs • Investment in public transport and non-motorised forms of transport ��
Examples Sector Mitigation ’tools’ Buildings • Appliance standards and labelling • Building codes and certification • Demand-side management programmes • Public sector leadership programmes including procurement • Incentives for energy service companies Industry • Provision of benchmark information • Performance standards • Subsidies, tax credits • Tradable permits • Voluntary agreements ��
Examples Sector Mitigation ’tools’ Agriculture • Financial incentives and regulations for improved land management • Maintaining soil carbon content • Efficient use of fertilizers and irrigation Forestry • Financial incentives (national and international) to increase forest area and reduce deforestation and maintain and manage forests • Land use regulation and enforcement Waste • Financial incentives for improved waste and wastewater management management • Renewable energy incentives or obligations • Waste management regulations ��
A Big Vision - Transforming Economies REQUIRES IMPACT ON Public and Private International Investments Financial Build capacity Institutions for countries Assessment to make and Policy informed and Setting sustainable policy and investment decisions UNDP and many others �� 33 33
Combining & Sequencing : GEF and CDM Financing Attractive Attractive low-carbon low-carbon project project Financial Return CDM CDM revenue revenue Infeasible Infeasible low-carbon low-carbon project project Risk of Investment GEF financing GEF financing ��
Technology stages (mitigation) GEF CDM ��
CDM projects in pipeline ��
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