I. Desert: an arid region. Where the potential evaporation rate - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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I. Desert: an arid region. Where the potential evaporation rate - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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I. Desert: an arid region. Where the potential evaporation rate exceeds the potential precipitation rate by at least 2X. Arizona desert: precipitation rate = 6 - 10 inches/year evaporation rate = 100+ inches/year II. Rain Patterns in AZ A .

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I. Desert: an arid region. Where the potential evaporation rate exceeds the potential precipitation rate by at least 2X.

  • Arizona desert: precipitation rate = 6 - 10 inches/year

evaporation rate = 100+ inches/year

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  • II. Rain Patterns in AZ
  • 2. Origin: Pacific Ocean
  • 1. When: Late November – Mid February
  • A. Winter Rains
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  • II. Rain Patterns in AZ

a.

Covers the state

b.

Non-violent

c.

Longer duration

d.

Better soil penetration (less flooding)

  • 3. Characteristics:
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Summer Storms - Monsoon

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  • II. Rain Patterns in AZ
  • C. Summer Rains (Monsoons)
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  • II. Rain Patterns in AZ
  • 1. When: Mid July – Mid September
  • 2. Origin: Sea of Cortez – Gulf of Mexico
  • C. Summer Rains (Monsoons)
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  • 3. Characteristics
  • a. Not covering state - isolated cells
  • II. Rain Patterns in AZ
  • C. Summer Rains (Monsoons)
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  • II. Rain Patterns in AZ
  • 3. Characteristics
  • b. Violent –Wind and lightning
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  • 3. Characteristics
  • c. Short and intense
  • II. Rain Patterns in AZ
  • C. Summer Rains (Monsoons)
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  • II. Rain Patterns in AZ
  • 3. Characteristics
  • d. Poor soil penetration: flooding
  • C. Summer Rains (Monsoons)
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  • II. Rain Patterns in AZ

Gilbert: 1931 Phoenix

  • 3. Characteristics
  • d. Poor soil penetration: flooding in 1930”s.
  • C. Summer Rains (Monsoons)
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Summer Storms - Monsoon

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  • II. Rain Patterns in AZ

Significance of total rainfall.

Baja – dry year Baja – wet year

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  • III. Sources of Water
  • 2. Salt and Verde River watershed
  • A. Surface water:
  • 1. Define: Runoff from rain and snowmelt.
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  • III. Sources of Water
  • 3. Central Arizona Project (C.A.P.)

a. Water from the Colorado River brought to Phoenix & Tucson by the CAP canal. b. Originally, the CAP was planned to supply 30% of the water we use by 2010.

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  • III. Sources of Water
  • 3. Central Arizona Project (C.A.P.)
  • In 1968 congress

authorized the 336 mile CAP.

  • Water was delivered to

Phoenix in 1985 and Tucson in 1992.

  • 1.5 million acre-feet
  • f Colorado River

water annually

  • Water is lifted as

much as 2,900 feet by 14 pumping plants

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  • III. Sources of Water
  • B. Ground Water (aquifer)
  • 1. Well water pumped from

underground aquifers.

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  • IV. Water Usage in the Salt River Valley
  • A. Per capita residential water use

(Gallons/person/day)

  • 1. Indoor use:
  • 2. Outdoor use:

70 gallons 130 gallons

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  • IV. Water Usage in the Salt River Valley
  • B. Agricultural water use
  • 1. Cotton:
  • 2. Alfalfa:
  • 3. Lettuce: 53 gallons

158 gallons 1569 gallons

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  • IV. Water Usage in the Salt River Valley
  • C. 18 Hole golf course in July

1-2 Million Gallons per Day Phoenix area has

  • ver 200 golf

courses.

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  • V. Valley Water Loss Due to Evaporation
  • B. Tempe Town Lake (1 acre foot = 325,851 gallons)
  • 1. 1900 acre-feet/year
  • 2. 1.7 million gallons/day
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  • V. Valley Water Loss Due to Evaporation
  • C. Salt River Project: 6 lakes & 1230 miles of canals.
  • 1. 125,000 acre-feet/year
  • 2. 111,592,808 gallons/day
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  • VI. Water Treatment
  • A. Water treatment plant
  • 1. Sediment removal by flocculation:

 Add alum or lime to remove impurities.

  • 2. Activated carbon:

 Removes taste and odor problems.

  • 3. Sediment removal (again).
  • 4. Chlorination:

 Kills bacteria and other microbes.

  • 5. Filtration.

Water Sediment Tanks Activated Carbon Sediment Tanks Chlorination Filtration

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  • VII. Landscaping to conserve water –

The Fundamentals of Xeriscaping

  • A. Planning and designing: five concerns homeowners should

consider when developing a landscape design.

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  • VII. Landscaping to conserve water –

The Fundamentals of Xeriscaping

  • A. Planning and designing:

BEFORE AFTER

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  • VII. Landscaping to conserve water –

The Fundamentals of Xeriscaping

  • A. Five concerns to be considered:

1.

Energy conservation.

2.

Low allergy producing.

3.

Year round color.

4.

Low water usage.

5.

  • Functional. (i.e., poolscape)
  • Reduces water bills
  • Cuts fertilization costs
  • Reduces maintenance
  • Minimizes green waste going to

landfills

  • Attracts native wildlife

(hummingbirds, butterflies, etc.)

  • ·Brings many colors, textures, and

interest to your yard

  • Increases your home value
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  • VII. Landscaping to conserve water–

The Fundamentals of Xeriscaping

  • B. Limit turf areas.

1.

Grass/turf = 6¢ – 8¢ /sq. ft./year

2.

Xeriscape = 1¢ – 2¢ /sq. ft./year

3.

Ground covers use 30-40% less water than grass.

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  • VII. Landscaping to conserve water–

The Fundamentals of Xeriscaping

  • C. Efficient irrigation.

1.

Large basins around trees and shrubs. Expand well to drip line as plant grows.

2.

Water plants deep for long intervals, but infrequently.

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  • VII. Landscaping to conserve water–

The Fundamentals of Xeriscaping

  • D. Soil Improvements

1.

Fertilizer (organic matter is best).

2.

Soil sulfur.

3.

Gypsum.

Soil sulfur.

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  • VII. Landscaping to conserve water–

The Fundamentals of Xeriscaping

  • E. Mulches – mulches reduce water loss due to

evaporation & salt build up.

1.

Decomposed granite rock in desertscapes.

2.

Straw or compost in vegetable gardens.

3.

Wood bark chips in tree wells & entry ways.

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  • VII. Landscaping to conserve water–

The Fundamentals of Xeriscaping

  • F. Appropriate maintenance.

1.

Proper planting.

  • Dig a hole wider and deeper than

the root ball.

  • Check for proper drainage.

(drain 4” or more in 4 hours)

  • If there is a drainage problem.

Add drainage chimney at bottom (filled with gravel).

  • Backfill with native soil.
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  • IX. Riparian Habitat of AZ
  • Riparian refers to habitats surrounding or near bodies of water.
  • Such as: rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, and springs.
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  • IX. Riparian Habitat of AZ

Riparian communities are found at various elevations.

5000 ft. – 8000 ft. elevation Big tooth maple, Gambel oak, chokecherry, and narrow leaf cottonwood.

1000 ft.- 4000 ft. Cottonwood, mesquite, sycamore, willow.

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  • IX. Riparian Habitat of AZ

Wildlife Associations

  • Up to 60% of the residential Arizona wildlife depends on

riparian habitat. Gambel’s Quail Eleodes Gopher Snake Oriole Kangaroo Rat

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  • IX. Riparian Habitat of AZ
  • Riparian Corridor:
  • a “highway” of riparian habitat that serves to disperse

water dependent wildlife, such as beaver, into less crowded areas to live.

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  • IX. Riparian Habitat of AZ
  • More than 90% of the state’s riparian areas have been dammed,

developed, or dried up. San Pedro River

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  • IX. Riparian Habitat of AZ

Cattle grazing destroys riparian areas.

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  • IX. Riparian Habitat of AZ

Apache Trout Cattle have had a disastrous effect on trout streams.

  • Strips banks of vegetation
  • Collapse overhanging banks.
  • Stirs up mud.
  • Widens the streams.
  • Streams in grazed areas

produce 1/10 as many trout. East fork of the Black River

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  • IX. Riparian Habitat of AZ

Factors contributing to riparian habitat loss:

  • 1. Overuse of water.
  • 2. Flooding due to dam activities.
  • 3. Too many cattle.
  • 4. Overuse by humans.
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  • IX. Riparian Habitat of AZ
  • A. Santa Cruz River
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  • IX. Riparian Habitat of AZ
  • A. Santa Cruz River
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  • IX. Riparian Habitat of AZ
  • B. San Pedro River: Last Living River of the Southwest

San Pedro River

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  • IX. Riparian Habitat of AZ
  • San Pedro River video