HEBREW DATING Nachum Dershowitz Edward M. Reingold CALENDARS - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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HEBREW DATING Nachum Dershowitz Edward M. Reingold CALENDARS - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oct 21, 2023 38 likes •445 views

HEBREW DATING Nachum Dershowitz Edward M. Reingold CALENDARS Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Persian Chinese Hindu HEBREW CALENDAR Lunisolar Days begin at sunset 19-year leap-year cycle

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HEBREW DATING

Nachum Dershowitz Edward M. Reingold

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CALENDARS

  • Gregorian
  • Julian
  • Hebrew
  • Islamic
  • Persian
  • Chinese
  • Hindu
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HEBREW CALENDAR

  • Lunisolar
  • Days begin at sunset
  • 19-year leap-year cycle
  • Years given “anno mundi”
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LUNISOLAR

  • Lunar Months
  • Solar Years (Average)
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19-YEAR LEAP-YEAR CYCLE

  • Determines leap months
  • Not a cycle for dating!
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YEARS GIVEN “ANNO MUNDI”

  • Used since Middle Ages
  • “Era of Creation” varies
  • Seleucid era sometimes used
  • Millennial year omitted in Hebrew
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CONCEALED YEARS סש תה= 5760

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AMBIGUOUS DATES Letter from Ahad haAm

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NEW MOON Kislev [5]652

  • Which day of the two-day new moon?
  • Presumably the second day, which is the first
  • f Kislev, rather than the last of Heshvan
  • That is, December 2, 1891
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  • Tuesday
  • Weekly reading is Terumah
  • Year is [5]692
  • Weekly reading has the words

menorat zahab tahor

  • Numerical value mnrtb = 692
  • February 9, 1932
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CONVERSION OF DATES

  • Pitfalls
  • Resources

– Books – Electronic

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PITFALLS

  • Start of the day
  • What year is it?
  • Which calendar is it?
  • No short cycle of date repetition between

Hebrew and civil dates

  • Erroneous calendars
  • Erroneous tables
  • Buggy software
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START OF THE DAY

  • Gregorian/Julian days start at midnight
  • Hebrew/Islamic days start at sunset
  • Hindu days start at sunrise
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WHAT YEAR IS IT?

Civil year starts January 1… …now But… …in parts of Europe has started variously

  • n March 1, March 25, Easter, September 1, or

Christmas!

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WHICH CALENDAR IS IT?

Switch from Julian to Gregorian took place

  • ver a period of almost 350 years!
  • 1582 in Catholic regions of Europe
  • Various dates in Protestant regions
  • 1752 in Britain and her colonies
  • 1918 in Russia
  • 1927 in Turkey
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SWEDISH AMBIVALENCE

  • 1699 changed to Gregorian, so in 1700

February had 28 days

  • But, in 1712 February had 30 days
  • 1753 changed to Gregorian (again!)
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CYCLE OF REPETITION

  • For Hebrew/Gregorian calendars, cycle is over

14 billion years!

  • 19- or 247-year cycles are only approximate
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ERRONEOUS TABLES

Parise’s Book of Calendars is awful

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Excel and other spreadsheets take 1900 as a leap year U.S. Naval Observatory web site had the wrong dates for Passover for several years Gauss’s formula (often used in naïve software) is problematic

BUGGY SOFTWARE

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RELIABLE TABLES RELIABLE TABLES

  • Spier’s Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar
  • Reingold & Dershowitz’s Calendrical

Tabulations

  • Schram’s Kalendariographische Und

Chronologische Tafeln

  • Wüstenfeld & Mahler’s Vergleichungs-

tabellen Zur Muslimischen Und Iranischen Zeitrechung Mit Tafeln Zur Umrechnung Orient-christlicher Ären

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SPIER

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SPIER

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REINGOLD & DERSHOWITZ

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SCHRAM

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Wüstenfeld & Mahler

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Wüstenfeld & Mahler

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DERSHOWITZ/REINGOLD APPLET

Calendrica

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