GREEN IT MAJEURE BIS INSTITUT MINES-TLCOM BUSINESS SCHOOL CDRIC - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

GREEN IT

MAJEURE BIS INSTITUT MINES-TÉLÉCOM BUSINESS SCHOOL CÉDRIC GOSSART 19/09/2018

1. Introduction to green IT 2. The issues at stake 3. LCAs 4. Eco-innovation 5. Beyond green IT

WHAT’S THE PLAN FOR TODAY?

Who am I? Who are you? What we will do today?

• 1. INTRODUCTION

What are Information Technologies? According to an international convention set by the OECD, the following are described as information and communication technology (ICT) sectors: Industries producing ICT (manufacture of computers and IT hardware, TVs, radios, telephones, etc.) ; Industries distributing ICT (wholesale of IT hardware, etc.) ; ICT service industries (telecommunications, IT services, audiovisual services, etc.).

http://www.insee.fr/en/methodes/default.asp?page=definitions/technologie-inform-communic.htm

http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx

A FAST GROWING SECTOR

http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2015.pdf

3 types of environmental impacts of human societies: 1) Pollutions, 2) Exhaustion of natural resources, 3) Global environmental changes.

• 2. THE ISSUES AT STAKE

MASSIVE DEFORESTATION

Source: UNEP, GEO 5

GLOBAL WARMING AND DEVELOPMENT

Source: UNEP, GEO 5

A RISK OF ECOLOGICAL COLLAPSE

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse:_How _Societies_Choose_to_Fail_or_Succeed Source: http://www.ted.com/talks/jared_diamond_on_why_societies_collapse

(18 minutes; 2 million views)

THE ANTHROPOCENE: A NEW GEOLOGICAL ERA

Source: Editorial, Nature, vol. 424, 2003, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/424709b. For more information about this concept, see the article in Moodle: “Reconceptualizing the ‘Anthropos’ in the Anthropocene”.

PLANETARY BOUNDARIES

Source: http://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html

More info: What role for ICTs & business*?

The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe

• perating space for humanity

based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth System.

EARTH SYSTEM GOVERNANCE

“Earth system governance is not about world government, or about governing the Earth system. It is about governing social systems in a way that you prevent drastic Earth system disruption.”

Source: http://www.futureearth.org/blog/2013-jul-15/what-earth-system-governance

“new academic discipline”

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Source: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs

Source: http://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/2016-06-14-how-food-connects-all-the-sdgs.html

A hierarchy of SDGs

HUMAN SOCIETIES & THE “ENVIRONMENT”

Natural ecosystems Human societies Life support services Wast e sinks Capital stock Production (Firms) Consumption (Households)

I K C L

Resources Amenities

Energy

Source: Common & Stagl (2006), Ecological Economics, p. 87.

The relationships between ICT and the environment

Source: Hilty, L.M. (2008), Information Technology and Sustainability: Essays on the Relationships between Information Technology and Sustainable Development, Norderstedt: Books on Demand, p. 147.

ICT & ENVIRONMENT

Source : GEOSS (Global Earth Observation System of Systems). http://www.earthobservations.org/geoss.shtml + https://gossart.wp.mines-telecom.fr/files/2016/01/Num%C3%A9rique-et-environnement-draft.pdf

Source: Hilty, L.M. (2008), Information Technology and Sustainability: Essays on the Relationships between Information Technology and Sustainable Development, Norderstedt: Books on Demand, p. 147.

ICT & NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS

WHAT IS THE STORY OF ELECTRONICS?

http://storyofstuff.org/movies/story-of-electronics/

Raw materials

What are ICT equipments made of?

METALS IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENTS (EEE)

Source: Hagelüken, C. and M. Buchert (2008). The mine above ground. Industrial Engineering Research Conference. Salzbourg (Austria).

Source: Eugster, M., R. Hischier, et al. (2007). Key environmental impacts of the Chinese EEE industry - a life cycle assessment study. Prepared for State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO). St.Gallen / Switzerland; Beijing / China, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (Empa); Tsinghua University China.

Impacts of computer components

RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

Energy use

Small but heavily polluting!

In The NL: Scenario 2010: 600 MWe, 4400 GWhe/year (approx 4% of national electricity demand). In France: 14% (DETIC report).

AND CONSUMING A LOT OF ENERGY!

WHAT CONSUMES ENERGY IN A COMPUTER?

Waste of electrical and electronic equipment

WEEE E-waste

Source: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/external/waste-electrical-and-electronic-equipment

TREND IN THE AMOUNT OF WEEE COLLECTED FROM HOUSEHOLDS IN 28 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Space e-waste…

How could ICT deal with its environmental impacts?

• 1. Work in pairs to find answers to this question (max 10’)
• 2. Group recap (max 10’)

15’ break!

Let’s recap…

• 1. What are the main issues faced by IT?
• 2. How would you define green IT?
• 3. How can we evaluate the environmental impacts of IT?

How can we evaluate the environmental impacts of IT?

LCAs

Life Cycle Assessments

41

Overview of environmental evaluation methods

You want to organise a ‘green’ BBQ Your local butcher tells you he has 2 meat producers:

N°1: in Scotland N°2: in New Zealand

TEST!

CONCLUSION: EVALUATION METHODS...

... Are imperfect but essential! But which ones to use?

THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

“Measures resource use by estimating the amount of bioproductive land that is necessary to support a given level of consumption” Advantages:

• Helps illustrate impacts by taking into account both direct and indirect impacts by

providing a broad measure of resource use

• Can be used to inform people on the scale of economic activity relative to the natural

environment.

Source: White, T. J. (2007), "Sharing resources: The global distribution of the Ecological Footprint", Ecological Economics 64(2): 402-410.

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Wealth_of_Nations.pdf.

The ecological wealth of nations

A MONO-CRITERION METHOD

The ecological footprint and its components (2003)

Source: White, T. J. (2007), "Sharing resources: The global distribution of the Ecological Footprint", Ecological Economics 64(2): 402-410.

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Wealth_of_Nations.pdf.

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/2010_Annual_Report_spread.pdf

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/2010_Annual_Report_spread.pdf

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/2010_Annual_Report_spread.pdf

CONCLUSION ON THE CARBON FOOTPRINT

• For both countries, individuals and organisations
• Focuses on GHGs (greenhouse gases)

Reading suggestions:

• How Carbon Footprints Work: http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/carbon-footprint.htm
• Household Carbon Footprint Calculator: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/ind-calculator.html

THE CO2 FOOTPRINT OF FRENCH POLITICIANS

Source: http://bl-evolution.com/etudes/bilan-carbone-de-la-campagne-presidentielle-2012.

DESCRIPTION OF AN INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM

Source: http://www.lcacenter.org/about-lca.aspx.

Tool for the systematic evaluation of the environmental aspects of a product or service system through all stages of its life cycle

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA)

How do firms use LCAs?

THE 4 PHASES OF AN LCA

Learn more about LCAs: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lif e-cycle_assessment

ISO standard for LCAs: ISO 14040: http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=37456

THE 4 PHASES OF A LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT 1. Goal and Scope Definition: the product(s) or service(s) to be assessed are defined, a functional basis for comparison is chosen and the required level of detail is defined; 2. Inventory Analysis of extractions and emissions: the energy and raw materials used, and emissions to the atmosphere, water and land, are quantified for each process, then combined in the process flow chart and related to the functional basis; 3. Impact Assessment: the effects of the resource use and emissions generated are grouped and quantified into a limited number of impact categories which may then be weighted for importance; 4. Interpretation: the results are reported in the most informative way possible and the need and opportunities to reduce the impact of the product(s) or service(s) on the environment are systematically evaluated.

Source: http://lcinitiative.unep.fr.

EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL UNITS

• 1 passenger km traveled
• 100 m² of interior paint for 5 years
• 100 nights stay at a resort
• One GWh of electricity delivered
• One billion liters of drinking water delivered
• A telecommunication for Brest
• A million letters delivered

IMPACT ASSESSMENT (STAGE 3): SCIENCE ELUCIDATES ENVIRONMENTAL MECHANISMS The effects of the resource use and emissions generated are grouped and quantified into a limited number of impact categories which may then be weighted for importance.

Source: http://lcinitiative.unep.fr/sites/lcinit

KEY OBJECTIVE OF LCA: AVOID POLLUTION TRANSFERS

Raw materials Manufacturing Distribution Use End of Life

Ex.: phosphate-free detergent

http://www.dailymotion.c

• m/video/x1fcvj_le-chat-

sans-phosphate_news

Henkel sentenced & “phosphate-free” label forbidden (link)

Raw materials Manufacturing Distribution Use End of Life

63

LCA case studies What are the ecological impacts of a plastic cup?

WHICH SCOPE OF ANALYSIS?

TYPICAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CATEGORIES

GOAL AND SCOPE

WOODEN PENCIL VS. MECHANICAL PENCIL

Goal = Compare 2 writing utensils for classroom use.

Scope: Wooden Pencil Process Flow Diagram

Lumb er

Fores t

Lumb er Mill Manufact ure

Retail er Use End

• f Life

Sharpening

(Electricity ) (Landfill)

Rubber Graphit e

Packaging

Brass

T T T T T T T T T T = Transportation

SCOPE: MECHANICAL PENCIL

Oil PE / PP Manufac ture

Retai ler

Use

End

• f Life

(Landfill)

Rubber Graphite Packagin g Spring

T T T T T T T T T

PE = Polyethylene PP = Polypropylene

Both materials are plastic polymers (large molecules) used to make many products.

T = Transportation

FUNCTION & FUNCTIONAL UNIT

Function

Example:

Wooden Pencil vs. Mechanical Pencil

Functional Unit

• Gives the function a number

value

• Allows comparison between

products

• Reference point
• Function = “Writing”
• Functional Unit =

“1 meter of writing”

• Service provided by a system
• What it does

DATA COLLECTION: LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY ANALYSIS (LCIA)

• 1. Time-sensitive = past 5 years
• 2. Geographical = does it match

the location from the goal

• 3. Technology = best available

technology for process

• 4. Representativeness = reflects

population of interest

• 5. Consistency = matches the

procedure

• 6. Reproducibility = another

person could find it Precision: The consistent reproducibility of a measurement Completeness: Covers all the areas

• utlined in the

scope

page 70

The more complex the product, the less precise the analysis

http://www.storyofstuff.com

http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/arti cle.cfm?articleid=1536 http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=PDH_4lOM05g http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=XMfz8Cbyxl0

http://www.storyofstuff.org/movies-all/story-of- electronics/

Which sitting technology has the lowest ecological impacts?

Source: http://www.lcacenter.org/about-lca.aspx.

Source: http://www.lcacenter.org/about-lca.aspx.

Examples of LCA software: http://www.environmenttools.co.uk.

What are the key issues to consider to evaluate the environmental performance of a bakery?

Source of gourmet slides: http://www.lcacenter.org/LCA9/sessions/LCA-studies.html. (Canadian bakery chain) COMMUTING

Limits of LCAs:

• cf. Finnveden G. (2000), “On the limitations of life cycle assessment and environmental systems

analysis tools in general”, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 5 (4):229-238.

page 87

The more complex the product, the less precise the LCA.

LCAs of IT

PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE (COMPUTER)

Source: Choi, B.-C., H.-S. Shin, S.-Y. Lee, et al. (2006), "Life Cycle Assessment of a Personal Computer and its Effective Recycling Rate (7 pp)", The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 11(2): 122-128.

LCA SCOPE: EX. OF A DRAM

Source: Liu, C. H., S. J. Lin & C. Lewis (2010), "Life cycle assessment of DRAM in Taiwan's semiconductor industry", Journal of Cleaner Production 18(5): 419-425.

SYSTEM BOUNDARIES FOR THE COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE OF A PLASMA TV

Source: Hischier, R. & I. Baudin (2010), "LCA study of a plasma television device", The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 15(5): 428-438.S

Source: Hischier, R. & I. Baudin (2010), "LCA study of a plasma television device", The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 15(5): 428- 438.S

THE COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE OF A PLASMA TV

ARD: abiotic resource depletion; GWP: global warming potential; ODP: stratospheric ozone depletion potential; PCOP: photochemical oxidation potential; AP: acidification potential; EP: eutrophication potential; HTP human: toxicity potential; FAETP: freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential; MAETP: marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential; TETP: terrestrial ecotoxicity potential; EI'99: total Eco-Indicator '99 method (previous: with CML)

EMISSION AND RESOURCE FACTORS (SOURCE: IBID.)

Lunch break!

Let’s recap…

• 1. What are the main environmental issues faced by IT?
• 2. How can we evaluate the environmental impacts of IT?
• 3. What can LCAs tell us?
• 4. How would you define green IT?

REFERENCES OF LCA CASE STUDIES

• Hischier, R. & I. Baudin (2010), “LCA Study of a Plasma Television device”, The International Journal of Life Cycle

Assessment 15(5): 428-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-010-0169-2

• Choi, B.-C., H.-S. Shin, S.-Y. Lee, et al. (2006), “LCA of a Personal Computer and its Effective Recycling Rate”, The

International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 11(2): 122-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/lca2004.12.196

• Liu, C. H., S. J. Lin & C. Lewis (2010), “LCA of DRAM in Taiwan's Semiconductor Industry”, Journal of Cleaner

Production 18(5): 419-425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.10.004

• Duan. H., et al. (2009), “Life cycle assessment study of a Chinese desktop personal computer”, Science of The Total

Environment 407 (5):1755-1764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.063

• Tähkämö, L. & L. Halonen (2015), “Life cycle assessment of road lighting luminaires”, Journal of Cleaner Production (0)

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.025.

96

How can IT overcome its environmental problems?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZmGGAbHqa0

Eco-innovate! For example, to reduce the GHG emissions of !

OR THE ONES OF FACEBOOK…

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_r97qdyQtIk,

99

What is innovation?

WHAT IS INNOVATION?

The introduction of something new, or … … the successful exploitation of new ideas? Innovation can relate to processes or products, can be technological, organisational or presentational.

Technical improvement that reduces unit costs of production without changing the price of factors.

Example: kanban (Just In Time production:

• rganisational innovation by Toyota)

PROCESS INNOVATION

INNOVATION & CREATIVE DESTRUCTION

Joseph Aloïs SCHUMPETER (JAS, 1883 - 1950): “Innovation is the crucial source of effective competition, of economic development, and of the transformation of society.” Nelson & Winter (1974): “The essential forces of growth are innovation and selection, with augmentation of capital stocks more or less tied to these processes.”

INNOVATION & KNOWLEDGE “An innovation represents an increase in the knowledge about existing techniques.”

Marc Blaug

1. INCREMENTAL INNOVATIONS 2. RADICAL INNOVATIONS 3. NEW TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 4. TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS

Source: Freeman, C. and C. Perez (1988), Structural crisis of adjustment: business cycles and investment behaviour, in G. Dosi et al. (eds.), Technical Change and Economic Theory. London: Pinter.

Four categories of innovations

? Key resources Key sectors

Source: Dodgson, M. (2000). The Management of Technological Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 19.

Source : OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2013.

INNOVATION FUELS ECONOMIC GROWTH

Source : OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2013.

HOW MANY PEOPLE WORK IN THE ‘KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY’?

PATENTING & INNOVATION

Source : http://www.wipo.int/freepublications/fr/patents/931/wipo_pub_931.pdf.

Source : OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2013.

ICT-RELATED PATENTS

Pour aller plus loin : Kemp, R. and L. Soete (1992), "The greening of technological progress: An evolutionary perspective", Futures 24(5): 437-457.

Innovation: creative destruction or destructive creation?

118

What is eco-innovation?

Source: Cecere, G., N. Corrocher, et al. (2014). "Lock-in and path dependence: An evolutionary approach to eco-innovations." Journal of Evolutionary Economics: 1-29.

DEFINITIONS

Rennings (2013: 333) make it explicit that eco-innovations do not need to be aimed at environmental improvement: “Environmental innovations consist of new or modified processes, techniques, practices, systems and products to avoid or to reduce environmental harms. Environmental innovations may be developed with or without the explicit aim of reducing environmental harm.”

Source: Cecere, G., N. Corrocher, et al. (2014). "Lock-in and path dependence: An evolutionary approach to eco-innovations." Journal of Evolutionary Economics: 1-29.

How to eco-innovate?

WHY ECO-INNOVATION?

Source : http://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/Publications/Decoupling/tabid/56048/Default.aspx .

Source : http://www.worldecotax.org/downloads/Presentations/EkinsMiltner.pdf.

Source : OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2013.

ECO-INNOVATION: HOW?

Source : OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2013.

ECO-INNOVATION: HOW?

Cradle-to- cradle ecodesign

ECO-INNOVATION: HOW?

http://www.c2ccertified.org/product_certification/c2ccertified_product_standard

127

Eco-innovation in the ICT sector: Any examples?

GREEN IT = … ???

Any information technology seeking to achieve significant progress towards sustainable development.

DEFINITION !

WHICH ECO-INNOVATIONS FOR ICT?

• Ecodesigned ICT:
• Production phase: ecodesign + CSR
• Use phase: responsible consumption
• End-of-life: design for recycling + responsible e-waste management
• Use of ICT to reduce ecological impacts (IT for green).

GREEN IT FIGHTS OBSOLESCENCE…

See : http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1536

http://www.centennialbulb.org/

EXAMPLE OF ECODESIGNED GOODS

Source : http://www.industrie.com/it/it-n-948-octobre-2012.13852.

SUPPORTING ECODESIGN WITH ECOLABELLING

EXAMPLE OF ECODESIGN

http://www.ivm.vu.nl/en/news-and-agenda/IVM-Newsletter/Archive/March-2010/Chemistry-and-Biology/

EXEMPLE N°1: SMART GRIDS

EXEMPLE N°2: YAHOO!’S DATACENTRE

 PUE = 1,08  40% reduction energy costs

Source : http://www.pcworld.com/article/205728/yahoo_opens_chicken_coop_green_data_center.html.

Exemple n°3: Software eco-innovation

Mines Nantes, « Green Lab Center » (2013)

http://greencodelab-challenge.org

Source: http://www.smart2020.org/case-studies/personal-travel-assistant-pta/ .

Exemple n°4

EXEMPLE N°5: TELEWORK

Source : OECD (2010), "Information Technology Outlook", summary available at: http://www.oecd.org/document/20/0,3746,en_2649_34449_41892820_1_1_1_1,00.html.

EXEMPLE N°6: SERIOUS GAMING

139

http://www.fateoftheworld.net/

EXEMPLE N°7: THE EDIBLE BATTERY

http://www.cmu.edu/homepage/health/2013/spring/incredible-edible.shtml

EXEMPLE N°8: THE FAIR PHONE

http://www.ethicalconsumer.org/latestnews/entryid/1687/uk-launch-of-ethical-smartphone.aspx

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/11/search-smartphone-soaked-blood

http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/fairphone- the-worlds-first-ethical-smartphone-launches-in-london-8829444.html

THE FUTURE MOBILE TELEPHONY?

143

5.1) What about the accessibility of IT?

INACCESSIBILITY?

Empirical evidence... Blindfold with a scarf & … try surfing on the internet!

DEFINITIONS Disability: the condition of being unable to perform a task or function because of a physical or mental impairment.

www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/disability

Examples? …

FACTSHEET ON PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

Around 15 % of the world's population (1 bn people) live with

• disabilities. They are the world's largest minority.

80 % of persons with disabilities live in developing countries. In most OECD countries, women report higher incidents of disability than men. 30 % of street youths have some kind of disability. Only 45 countries have anti-discrimination and other disability-specific laws.

http://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?id=18

WHY DISABILITY?

Disability arises from the interaction of health conditions with contextual/environmental/ personal factors.

http://www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/report/en/ Products & technology; natural & built environment; support and relationships; attitudes; services, systems, policies. Motivation, self-esteem, …

LABOUR MARKET ACCESS OF DISABLED PEOPLE (IN BLUE)

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics- explained/index.php/Disability_statistics_- _labour_market_access (Longstanding Health Problem and/or a basic Activity Difficulty)

• 1980s: IT revolutionised their autonomy.
• Standards enabled developers to adapt softwares to each type of disability.
• Accessible PCs enabled disabled people to live ‘normal’ private & professional

lives.

• …

THE USE OF ICT BY DISABLED PEOPLE

• Depends on the nature of the disability.
• Implies that key senses are well functioning; relies on one’s physical abilities.
• It provides an alternative that makes up for the disability.
• The use of the computer by blind people is probably the most complex case to solve.

WHICH TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR THE USE OF IT EQUIPMENT?

EXAMPLE 1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diving_Bell_and_the_Butterfly

EXEMPLE 2

http://www.auticiel.com/

Creation of smartphone & tablet applications to foster the social integration, schooling, & professional integration of people suffering from cognitive disabilities (graphical representation of passing time, recognition of facial expressions and emitions).

Accessible tools

WINDOWS + Related softwares for technical support

Application for alternative users Screen

Alternatives: Vocal synthesis Character enlargement Changing colours & contrast Tactile Braille displays

Keyboard

Alternatives: Combinatory keyboard Keyboard with large keys Voice recognition & control Gaze tracking

Mouse

Alternative: Keyboard command

• W3C WCAG 2.0: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
• Tech support developed thanks to massification of demand
• Benefited from enforcement of market standards for OS => variety of softwares.
• Best tech support: modular technologies using standard market products adapted to each type of disability.

STANDARDS

WCAG 2 AT A GLANCE

Why is this slide not accessible?

http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/glance/

TESTING THE ACCESSIBILITY OF WEBPAGES

http://validator.w3.org/

ACCESSING ELECTRONIC SERVICES

PDF format widely used & accessible if coded properly. Firms applications must be accessible, as well as its documents (payroll statement, unions & shareholders info, access to training, etc.) But also firm’s premises! Cf. example of this campus… Banks should offer accessible services including online, same thing for transportation companies, food industry, pharma, digital TV, … Mobile telephony not accessible until 2003… (then part of CSR) Etc.

CONCLUSION

• CSR should help.
• A business case for accessibility? See http://www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/Overview
• A cost for companies & society?
• How to make things change?

 International laws (EU++)  Class actions (see https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/class_action)  Use the benefit in terms image (in-house & outside)  Generate new income: an employed disabled persons consumes goods & services!

Thank you Philippe… http://philippebalin.fr/

https://journals.openedition.org/terminal/1022

159

5.2) What are the limits of green ICT?

• Greenwashing
• Rebound effects

Greenwashing: Prius

The Sins of GreenWashing

GREEN DATACENTRE MAN

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJZCrBO9HVk

a) Historical background and definitions b) Rebound effects and ICTs c) Solutions to avoid rebound effects

Rebound effects

WILLIAM STANLEY JEVONS (1865)

The greater the efficiency of coal extraction, the faster its exhaustion.

NAMING REBOUND EFFECTS

• The term “rebound effect” dates back to Khazzoom (1980).
• It characterizes “improvements in the technical efficiency of energy

use” that had a smaller energy-saving effect than predicted by engineers.

• For example, a company using energy-efficient servers will reduce

its data storage costs, which will enable it to buy more servers and to use them more extensively and intensively.

Source: Khazzoom, J. D. (1980). Economic implications of mandated efficiency in standards for household appliances. The Energy Journal, 1(4): 21-40.

DO ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES DELIVER ENERGY SAVINGS? THE LOGIC OF THE REBOUND EFFECT

• “Efficiency drives growth forwards.
• By reducing labour (and resource) inputs, efficiency brings down the

cost of goods over time.

• This has the effect of stimulating demand and promoting growth.
• Far from acting to reduce the throughput of goods, technological

progress serves to increase production output by reducing factor costs.”

Source: Jackson, T. (2009), Prosperity without growth.

When energy efficiency improvements lead to increases in energy consumption because of falling prices. Example: Automobile industry, Servers, ...

When do rebound effects appear?

Source: Sorrell, S., J. Dimitropoulos, et al. (2009). "Empirical estimates of the direct rebound effect: A review." Energy Policy 37(4): 1356-1371.

CATEGORIES OF REBOUND EFFECTS

• 1. Direct rebound effects

Lower energy cost induces price reductions that trigger an increase in the demand for the cheaper good (e.g. if washing machines need less power, consumers can afford to wash more frequently). Bentzen (2004) suggests an order of magnitude for the rebound effect that ranges between 0 and 50% in relation to consumers, with a smaller effect for firms.

Source: Bentzen, J. (2004). "Estimating the rebound effect in US manufacturing energy consumption." Energy Economics 26(1): 123-134.

• 2. Indirect rebound effects

When a resource is used more efficiently and its price goes down, it induces the consumption of other commodities (e.g., consumers buy extra DVD players for the money they saved due to an energy-efficient product). In this case, households use their increased income to buy other energy- consuming products or services. For ex.: a family saves money by insulating its apartment => it can use the savings to fly to Hawaï. Overall, the financial gains from insulation-driven energy savings would not generate environmental benefits.

• 3. Economy-wide rebound effects

Appear when declining energy prices induce a reduction in the prices

• f intermediate and final goods throughout the economy and cause

structural changes in production patterns and consumption habits. For example, cheaper gasoline enables people to live further away from their workplace by making it less expensive to drive longer distances to work.

TYPOLOGY OF RES & CAUSES

Source : Présentation de S. Le Pochat, Entretiens J. Cartier, Montréal, 3-4/10/2011.

RE = Increase in % of the consumption of gasoline generated by the diffusion of more efficient cars. Innovations lead to reductions in transportation costs per km => drivers drive longer distances => the global consumption of gasoline increases by x% (between 20 & 30% in the USA)

Measuring rebound effects (1)

Using the price elasticity concept: price elasticity of demand = first differential dQ/dP (slope D function). Ex.: energy demand increases by dQ = +2%, following a decrease

• f energy prices dP = 10% => RE = 20%.

Studies find a RE = 20 to 30 % for energy sector.

Measuring rebound effects (2)

“Percentage of the expected energy savings from an energy efficiency improvement”. If this percentage reaches 100% => “the expected energy savings are entirely offset, leading to zero net savings for the economy as a whole”. These savings “backfire” when the rebound exceeds 100%: the overall energy consumption actually increases after energy saving measures .

Source: Sorrell, S.: Jevons' Paradox revisited: The evidence for backfire from improved energy

• efficiency. Energy Policy 37(4), 1456-1469 (2009).

Measuring rebound effects (3)

Measures of REs

Source: Presentation by S. Le Pochat, Entretiens J. Cartier, Montréal, 3-4/10/2011.

MEASURES OF REBOUND EFFECTS

Source : Presentation by S. Le Pochat, Entretiens J. Cartier, Montréal, 3-4/10/2011.

Transport: innovations permit the reduction of transportation time => diffusion of fast and individual means of transportation => traffic jams on roads and long queues in airports. Email: Faster communication => more emails can be dealt with => we spend more time dealing with emails.

Time-related rebound effects

HARTMUT ROSA

http://cup.columbia.edu/book/social- acceleration/9780231148344

COMPARISON OF RES FOR VARIOUS MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION

Strong RE for air transport, which also has a strong income effect potential Negative time RE for cycling.

Source : Girod, B., P. de Haan, et al. (2011), "Consumption-as-usual instead of ceteris paribus assumption for demand", The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 16(1): 3-11.

Speed increases => we can spend more time travalling ceteris paribus (without changing the % of time we spend on tspt) => if time resources are freed they are reallocated to spend more time on travelling.

Source: Hilty, L.M. (2008), Information Technology and Sustainability: Essays on the Relationships between Information Technology and Sustainable Development, Norderstedt: Books on Demand, p. 147.

ICT and the environment

DIRECT REBOUND OF ICT

• Microprocessors continuously smaller => their price drops, demand explodes, new

models offset slower obsolete ones.

• Efficiency gains at the level of ICT components => ICT products made obsolete =>

waste of resources that could have been saved thanks to these efficiency gains.

• Miniaturization paradox (1990-2005 ): average physical mass of a mobile phone

reduced by 4 … but total mass of all phones in Switzerland increased by 8!

• Small RFID readers: their price declines => they multiply => growing stock of

always-on radio transmitters.

• Efficiency gains through virtualization => demand for data storage space

skyrocketed.

INDIRECT REBOUND OF ICT

• Online teaching: no indirect RE (risk that if people save travel time or

gasoline money, they’ll spend the saved resources on other polluting ones).

• Telework: saves time … but can lead to an increase in gasoline

consumption if leads to longer commutes.

• Teleshopping, telecommuting and teleconferencing: substantial part of

transport savings nullified by increased transport for other purposes*: Denmark (73% RE): 105 weekly commuting km saved + 77 km driven extra (NL: 98 vs. 42 => 43% RE. Italy: 14% RE, 242 saved & 33 extra. Germany: 19% RE, 283 saved vs. 53 extra).

* Falch, M.: Environmental Impact of ICT on the Transport Sector. In: Hadjiantonis, A., Stiller, B. (eds.) Telecommunication Economics, vol. 7216. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 126-137. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, (2012).

ECONOMY-WIDE REBOUND OF ICT

• No study has sought to evaluate those effects in the case of ICT.
• Sorrell (2009): economy-wide rebound effects are likely to be large in the case of

energy efficiency improvements associated with general purpose technologies.

• The diffusion of ICT in the financial sector is having economy-wide effects that can
• ffset the economic benefits of ICT.

Source: Sorrell, S.: Jevons' Paradox revisited: The evidence for backfire from improved energy

• efficiency. Energy Policy 37(4), 1456-1469 (2009).

• Behavioral changes on the consumer side.
• General awareness of rebound effects should be increased.
• Carrying out systematic “energy/environmental rebound assessments” of important energy conservation projects.
• Integrate rebound effects in energy efficiency evaluations & LCAs.
• Efficiency evaluations need to stop focusing on individual products and look at the broader picture.
• Combine technological efficiency measures with pollution capping & behavioural changes.
• Energy-aware ICT by design => control for their energy impacts from the design stage.
• Progressive energy tariffs; Energy, email and income taxes.
• Apply discount rates to energy efficiency calculations to account for REs.
• Share equipments & reduce overconsumption.
• …

HOW TO FIGHT REBOUND EFFECTS IN ICTS?

REFERENCES

• Gossart, C. (2015). Rebound Effects and ICT: A Review of the Literature. In ICT Innovations for
• Sustainability. L.M. Hilty and B. Aebischer, Springer International Publishing, pp. 435-448.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263658145_Rebound_Effects_and_ICT_A_Review_of_the_Literature

• See my article about rebound effects published in Le Monde Diplomatique.

https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2010/07/GOSSART/19374

• Jackson, T. (2009). Prosperity Without Growth – Economics for a Finite Planet, Earthscan.
• Green IT : les meilleures pratiques pour une informatique verte, Christophe Corne et al. (2009), Dunod.

Cote médiathèque [2.08 COR]

• Green IT : reduce your information system's environmental impact while adding to the bottom line, Toby

Velte et al. (2008), Mc Graw-Hill. Cote médiathèque [2.08 VEL]

• Green IT for dummies, Carol Baroudi et al. (2009), Wiley Publishing. Cote médiathèque [2.08 BAR]

THE END.

http://ecoinfo.cnrs.fr

Cédric GOSSART cedric.gossart@imt-bs.eu ; Office H415 ; tel 4669 https://gossart.wp.imt.fr/