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Greece: A Case Study of Myths and Development Periklis Gogas Assistant Professor of Economic Analysis and International Economics Department of Economics Democritus University of Thrace 1 Sections The reality Myths and reality


  1. Greece: A Case Study of Myths and Development Periklis Gogas Assistant Professor of Economic Analysis and International Economics Department of Economics Democritus University of Thrace 1

  2. Sections • The reality • Myths and reality • The Greek competitive advantage • Entrepreneurship Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 2

  3. CASE STUDY GREECE SWOT Analysis • Internal environment: o Strengths o Weaknesses • External environment: o Opportunities o Threats • Strategies: o Strengths to Threats o Opportunities to Weaknesses Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 3

  4. Production Capacity Utilization Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 4

  5. GDP Growth Rate Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 5

  6. Per Capita Income Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 6

  7. Unemployment Rate Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 7

  8. Change in Retail Sales Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 8

  9. 10 Year Bond Return Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 9

  10. The Debt Problem • Is the debt something new? • When did the problem start? • How did it progress? • Is ¡ti ¡something ¡that ¡shouldn’t ¡be ¡concerning ¡ Greek governments in the decades before the crisis? Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 10

  11. The Situation Before the Crisis The Good News • Stable GDP growth rates • High production capacity utilization • Low unemployment The Not so Good News • A high debt rate as % of GDP • High deficits as % of GDP • Increasing trend for both Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 11

  12. Greek Public Debt • World ranking of public debt in 2012 Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 12

  13. Greek Public Debt • World ranking of public debt in 2000 Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 13

  14. Analysis of Current Debt IMF 27.9 3.83 Memorandum 1 52.9 0.81 EFSF 133.0 1.55 Central Banks 9.3 4.80 Private sector in PSI 29.5 2.00 Private sector non-PSI 3.0 4.70 Treasury bills 15.0 4.20 ECB 28.0 4.75 European Inv. Bank 7.0 3.00 Bank of Greece 5.0 0.50 Other (guarantees, etc) 11.4 4.00 Total 322.0 2.29 Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 14

  15. Myths and Realities for Greece • The myth for the Mexican: lazy, siesta Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 15

  16. Myths and Realities for Greece • The myth for Greeks: lazy, laid back Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 16

  17. Myths and Realities for Greece • Myth : The lazy Greeks • Reality: o According to OECD data Greeks are the hardest working ! o Greeks work an average 50% more than Germans ! Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 17

  18. Μύθοι ¡και ¡Αλήθειες ¡για ¡την ¡Κρίση Real annual working hours in OECD countries Greece! Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 18

  19. Myths and Realities for Greece • Myth : reduction in wages to increase competitiveness • Reality : o Labor costs represent only 5-10% of the final price in Greece o Most important costs and impediments according to business people: � Taxes, tariffs and other indirect costs � Bureaucracy � Corruption � Scarcity in R&D funding o Labor cost is not the key factor o Germany, Sweden, Canada : high wages and high productivity o Bulgaria, Albania, Romania : low wages, low productivity Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 19

  20. Myths and Realities for Greece • High productivity countries: o Germany, Sweden, Canada, Japan is this due to low wages? • Low productivity countries : o Bulgaria, Albania, Romania is this a result of high wages? • Something ¡doesn’t ¡add - up…! Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 20

  21. Myths and Realities for Greece • Myth : “The ¡return ¡to ¡the ¡drachma” • Reality : o There is no return! o It will be a new currency no matter how we call it! o It is not the euro to blame for this debt crisis! o Huge debt increase in the drachma era o Stable debt after the adoption of the euro Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 21

  22. Myths and Realities for Greece • Public debt as % of GDP and prime ministers EURO DRACHMA Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 22

  23. Myths and Realities for Greece • Myth : the ’50 s- ’60 s growth was due to the drachma • Reality : o Huge growth rates for Greece: 6-7% o But: o Drachma was not a free float : it was pegged to the USD with a constant rate GRD 30 / 1 USD o Bretton Woods was similar to the euro today o No independent monetary policy o Growth was due to: � Monetary stability � Minimum inflation � Minimum deficits � Capital inflows as a result of monetary and fiscal stability Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 23

  24. Myths and Realities for Greece • Myth : Iceland recovered after the default • Reality : o Was not a public debt crisis but a banking sector one o Applied to join the Eurozone. o Considered to adopt the Canadian dollar. Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 24

  25. Myths and Realities for Greece • Myth : Argentina is better off after ousting the IMF • Reality : o It closely cooperates with the IMF o Argentina: € 70 billion o Greece: € 360 billion o 30% of ¡Argentina’s ¡citizens ¡lives ¡ below the poverty line o The middle class has disappeared o The national currency has depreciated to 1/5 o Inflation high: at 22% Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 25

  26. Myths and Realities for Greece • Myth : Greece must become self-sufficient • Reality : o Self-sufficiency = poverty and low standards of living o Adam Smith: absolute advantage o David Ricardo: comparative advantage o With specialization everyone consumes more o No country in the world targets self-sufficiency! Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 26

  27. Myths and Realities for Greece • Myth : the Greek comparative advantage is agriculture • Reality : probably not! o If ti was there would be no need for subsidies o Subsidies are needed because we are not competitive! o Small farms and mountainous terrain o Without the subsidies Greek agricultural products would have been very expensive for the consumers. Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 27

  28. Myths and Realities for Greece • Myth : Greece is a poor country • Reality : No! o Greece is designated by OECD and other organizations as a developed industrialized country . o It is one of the 25 richest countries in the world. o Before the crisis it was among the first 20 richest . o In Human Development Indices that measures security, education, health and equality it ranks among the 20 highest countries. Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 28

  29. Myths and Realities for Greece • Greece’s ¡comparative ¡advantage ¡is ¡the ¡ educational level. • Technology and Research: Greek universities rank 9 th in the world • Greece exports more Space Technology than tomatoes. • Agriculture represents a mere 2% of Greek GDP • High technology exports represent 12,3% of the total and chemical industry exports 31,6%. Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 29

  30. Research and Technology • 38 th in R&D funds • 19 th in total scientific publications • 13 th in most important scientific publications • Better than: o Italy, Canada, Spain, France, etc. • 0.6% of the GDP is spent for research • 1,9 is the rate for France • 1,8% for Canada • 1,3% for Spain • 1,1% for Italy Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 30

  31. Research and Technology Billion $ for Ratio to Scientific $ per Relative research Greece Publications publication Productivity Canada 24.3 14.29 51107 475,473.03 2.60 Italy 19.0 11.18 48353 392,943.56 2.15 France 42.2 24.82 57320 736,217.73 4.02 Spain 17.2 10.12 44935 382,775.12 2.09 Greece 1.7 1.00 9281 183,169.92 1.00 Source: Nature 2012 Περικλής ¡Γκόγκας ¡– Επίκουρος ¡καθηγητής ¡ΔΠΘ 31

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