18. 12. 2017 Keynote Urban Green Infrastructure and the Ecosystem Services it provides: Potentials and Challenges Dagmar Haase SLU EKOLOGI GRUPPEN Konferens i Stockholm 30.11.2017 Thema 3 Grön infrastruktur och ekosystemtjänster Dagmar Haase SLU EKOLOGI GRUPPEN Konferens i Stockholm 30.11.2017 1
18. 12. 2017 Setting the scene… urban ecosystem services & GBI ∙ Page 3 Setting the scene… urban ecosystem services & GBI ∙ Page 4 2
18. 12. 2017 In this keynote, we will discuss about… • How green‐blue infrastructure (GBI) in cities can be classified for defining its “function in the city”, • what functional linkages between GBI, biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES) exist and how they are distributed at European and city scale, • what ES are provided by specific types of GBI such as parks, forests, green rooftops, and gardens as well as • how available GBI is across European cities. ∙ Page 5 Main hypotheses are: There are functional linkages between green infrastructure and ecosystem services in cities. The linkages between GI, ES and biodiversity are less clear. We will find benefits of all GBI types in all cities across Europe but with different effectiveness and importance for the residents. Residents of cities in Europe value the benefits of different GBI types in different ways. Dissimilarity in access and availability of GBI is characteristic for many cities and results in public health inequalities for example. ∙ Page 6 3
18. 12. 2017 Main achievements so far… ∙ Page 7 Green Infrastructure Typology and Inventory and Functionality ∙ Page 8 4
18. 12. 2017 Green Infrastructure Typology and Inventory as base for Functionality ∙ Page 9 Blue Infrastructure Typology and Inventory as base for Functionality ∙ Page 10 5
18. 12. 2017 Urban GI in a pan‐European view – Urban Atlas database 2006‐2012 ∙ Page 11 Urban GI in a pan‐European view ‐ % GI area in core cities GREENSURGE ULLs ∙ Page 12 6
18. 12. 2017 Urban GI in a pan‐European view ‐ % covered by GI ∙ Page 13 Green LULC flows ∙ Page 14 7
18. 12. 2017 Public and private green in cities ∙ Page 15 Public and private green in cities ∙ Page 16 8
18. 12. 2017 Public and private green in cities ∙ Page 17 GBI & Ecosystem Services May 2017 WP3 activities winter 2016‐2017 9
18. 12. 2017 GBI & Ecosystem Services May 2017 WP3 activities winter 2016‐2017 Review on the linkages of biodiversity and ecosystem services Urban Biodiversity Urban Ecosystem Services Positive? Diversity Abundance Identity Negative? Unimodal? None? Habitats Cultural services Species Provisioning services Traits Regulating services Relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem service just assumed or really tested? What is the direction of the relationship? Is it positive, negative, unclear or inexistent? SEITE 20 10
18. 12. 2017 ("ecosystem service*" OR “food product*” OR "agricultural product*" OR "gardening" OR “crop product*” OR fibre OR “wood product*” OR timber OR "forestry product*" OR "forest product*" OR "raw material*" OR "natural resource*" OR "water quality improvement" OR "water quality provision" OR "water quality supply" OR "fresh water" OR "drinking water" OR "groundwater recharge" OR "groundwater retention" OR "groundwater quality" OR "water supply" OR "air filtering" OR "air filtration" OR "air pollution removal" OR "air quality" OR "ozone removal" OR "climate regulation" OR "climate control" OR "climate resilience" OR cooling OR "temperature regulation" OR "temperature reduction" OR "heat mitigation" OR "temperature mitigation" OR "noise reduction" OR "disturbance regulation" OR "noise attenuation" OR "noise mediation" OR "acoustic insulation" OR "rainwater drainage" OR "water regulation" OR "stormwater run‐off" OR "flood regulation" OR "water flow regulation" OR "sewage treatment" OR "wastewater purification" OR "wastewater treatment" OR "waste treatment" OR "litter treatment" OR "trash treatment" OR "waste consumption" OR "litter consumption" OR "trash consumption" OR "waste removal" OR "litter removal" OR "trash removal" OR detoxification OR decomposition OR minerali$ation OR "food removal" OR "erosion control" OR "erosion prevention" OR "erosion protection" OR "erosion stabili*" OR "landslide control" OR " landslide prevention" OR " landslide protection" OR " landslide stabili*" OR "carbon storage" OR "carbon sequestration" OR pollination OR "pest control" OR "disease control" OR "climate change adaptation" OR "climate change moderation" OR "climate change mitigation" OR "climate change regulation" OR "climate change prevention" OR "heat mitigation" OR "adaptation to extreme event*" OR "moderation of extreme event*" OR "mitigation of extreme event*" OR "regulation of extreme event*" OR "prevention of extreme event*" OR "soil fertility" OR "soil formation" OR "nutrient cycling" OR "weathering" OR pedogenesis OR nitrification OR denitrification OR recreation OR "cultural value*" OR culture OR "human health" OR "physical health" OR "mental health" OR "well‐being" OR wellbeing OR spiritual OR "sense of place" OR "cultural identity" OR "human identity" OR "local identity" OR aesthetic* OR inspiration OR SEITE 21 t i *) 52% positive 11% negative 28% none SEITE 22 11
18. 12. 2017 Can we enhance ecosystem services by protecting biodiversity in cities? In most cases, yes. Relationships among biodiversity and ecosystem services can be positive, negative or inexistent. Therefore, managing urban green spaces in order to gain high biodiversity will not automatically improve the delivery of ecosystem services (and vice versa). Researchers: Identify synergies and trade‐offs! Planners: Consider both biodiversity and ecosystem services! SEITE 23 SEITE 24 12
18. 12. 2017 SEITE 25 Urban GI as a heat buffer counteracting the UHI ∙ Page 26 13
18. 12. 2017 Urban GI as a heat buffer counteracting the UHI Central Planning family Planning family Land use Urban Heat Island ∙ Page 27 Urban GI as a heat buffer counteracting the UHI New Member States Planning family Planning family Land use Urban Heat Island ∙ Page 28 14
18. 12. 2017 Urban GI as a heat buffer counteracting the UHI Mediterranean Planning family Planning family Land use Urban Heat Island ∙ Page 29 Green Infrastructure Functionality – Cooling by tree shade m2 shadow per m2 area Pessimistic estimation Calculation Optimistic estimation ∙ Page 30 15
18. 12. 2017 Green Infrastructure Functionality – Cooling into the built space Cooling influence (m) Core area (m 2 ) Lene-Voigt-Park (former railway) ∙ Page 31 Green Infrastructure Functionality – Impacting the built space air temperature noise pollution endangered bird bird diversity species 16
18. 12. 2017 Functional plant traits and spatio‐temporal trait variations Annual amplitude in spectral trait variations of UGI types and other urban land use classes 17
18. 12. 2017 Regressing the mean annual amplitude in UGI spectral trait variations against hemeroby Dependency between traits and process t1 Spectral traits: Leaf form & Growth height Mowing t2 tn Represents the the plants reaction to the disturbance. Allows conclusions about state and process regime of whole landscapes. 18
18. 12. 2017 Dependency between traits and process Harvesting and Foraging as carrier of “old” species memory Species name Scientific name # Apple Malus domestica Borkh. 141 Apricot Prunus armeniaca L. 23 Blackthorn Prunus spinosa L. 14 Cherry Prunus avium L. / Prunus cerasus L. 92 Cornelian cherry Cornus mas L. 11 Currant Ribes spec. 8 Elderberry Sambucus nigra L. 106 Hawthorn Crataegus spec. 3 Juneberry Amelanchier spec. 3 Mirabelle Prunus domestica subsp. syriaca (Borkh.) Janch. ex Mansf. 109 Mulberry Morus spec. 18 Pear Pyrus communis L. 34 Plum Prunus domestica L. 72 Quince Cydonia oblonga Mill. 8 19
18. 12. 2017 Harvesting and Foraging as carrier of “old” species memory The percentage of mundraub.org locations The percentage of mundraub.org locations within the Urban Atlas classes. within green space. More than just green – biocultural benefits of urban parks ∙ Page 40 20
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