Genes and Behavior Genes and Behavior Cog. Sci. 1 Cog. Sci. 1 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Genes and Behavior Genes and Behavior Cog. Sci. 1 Cog. Sci. 1 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Dec 04, 2023 126 likes •1.09k views

Genes and Behavior Genes and Behavior Cog. Sci. 1 Cog. Sci. 1 Ralph Greenspan Ralph Greenspan rgreenspan@ucsd.edu rgreenspan@ucsd.edu Its genetic. My father was a dog, and Im a dog. Mendel Galton Mendelian inheritance

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Genes and Behavior Genes and Behavior

  • Cog. Sci. 1
  • Cog. Sci. 1

Ralph Greenspan Ralph Greenspan rgreenspan@ucsd.edu rgreenspan@ucsd.edu

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“It’s genetic. My father was a dog, and I’m a dog.”

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Mendel Galton

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Mendelian inheritance discrete variation – single gene differences

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23 pairs of chromosomes

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continuous variation – multiple gene differences Galtonian inheritance

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most human traits Galtonian inheritance continuous variation – multiple gene differences

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Macmillan's Magazine (1865) vol. 12 pp. 157-166

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Prior to concepts of culture, sociology, psychology

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How to reconcile Mendel and Galton?

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Each of the many small-effect Each of the many small-effect genes seen in continuously genes seen in continuously varying traits are inherited varying traits are inherited as single Mendelian genes. as single Mendelian genes. No single one makes much difference. No single one makes much difference.

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But small-effect genes are hard But small-effect genes are hard to detect and identify to detect and identify (because their individual effects are small) (because their individual effects are small)

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Twin Studies Twin Studies

to get an idea of relative genetic contribution to get an idea of relative genetic contribution

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Separated at birth, the Malfert twins meet accidentally. Separated at birth, the Malfert twins meet accidentally.

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Genetic Similarity Relationship

100%

Identical twins reared together

100%

Identical twins reared apart

50%

Fraternal twins reared together

50%

Siblings reared together

50%

Siblings reared apart

50%

Biological parent & child, lived together

50%

Biological parent & child, lived apart

0%

Adoptive parent & child, lived together

0%

Adopted siblings, reared together

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Twin Correlations

Raised apart Raised together

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Cloning Cloning – – twins across a generation twins across a generation

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Sometimes you can detect single gene (Mendelian) inheritance in humans when you take into consideration and control for non-genetic factors.

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Genes do not Genes do not “ “encode encode” ” behavior, behavior, they encode proteins. they encode proteins.

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How do genes affect behavior? How do genes affect behavior?

  • The brain is made up of neurons. All information

The brain is made up of neurons. All information processing takes place within neurons. processing takes place within neurons.

– – Therefore, behavior is a product of neuronal activity. Therefore, behavior is a product of neuronal activity.

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How do genes affect behavior? How do genes affect behavior?

  • The brain is made up of neurons. All information

The brain is made up of neurons. All information processing takes place within neurons. processing takes place within neurons.

– – Therefore, behavior is a product of neuronal activity. Therefore, behavior is a product of neuronal activity.

  • The parts/activity of neurons that are important in

The parts/activity of neurons that are important in behavior are made up of proteins or are the result of the behavior are made up of proteins or are the result of the activity of proteins. activity of proteins.

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How do genes affect behavior? How do genes affect behavior?

  • The brain is made up of neurons. All information

The brain is made up of neurons. All information processing takes place within neurons. processing takes place within neurons.

– – Therefore, behavior is a product of neuronal activity. Therefore, behavior is a product of neuronal activity.

  • The parts/activity of neurons that are important in

The parts/activity of neurons that are important in behavior are made up of proteins or are the result of the behavior are made up of proteins or are the result of the activity of proteins. activity of proteins.

  • Genes encode these proteins

Genes encode these proteins

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How do genes affect behavior? How do genes affect behavior?

  • The brain is made up of neurons. All information

The brain is made up of neurons. All information processing takes place within neurons. processing takes place within neurons.

– – Therefore, behavior is a product of neuronal activity. Therefore, behavior is a product of neuronal activity.

  • The parts/activity of neurons that are important in

The parts/activity of neurons that are important in behavior are made up of proteins or are the result of the behavior are made up of proteins or are the result of the activity of proteins. activity of proteins.

  • Genes encode these proteins

Genes encode these proteins

  • Thus, to fully understand the biological basis for behavior

Thus, to fully understand the biological basis for behavior we need to understand the sorts of things genes do, how we need to understand the sorts of things genes do, how they affect the brain, and how the brain produces they affect the brain, and how the brain produces behavior. behavior.

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Mendelian

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Mendelian

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MAO-A degrades neuromodulators dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

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Low MAO-A results in more neuromodulator; each stimulus is stronger.

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MAO-A variants

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MAO-A variants

(low) (low)

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relatively common

(low) (high)

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Development of antisocial behavior in adults

low high

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Montane vole Prairie vole

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Montane vole Prairie vole

Mating system

monogamous promiscuous

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Montane vole Prairie vole

Mating system

monogamous promiscuous

Parental care

biparental maternal

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Montane vole Prairie vole

Mating system

monogamous promiscuous

Parental care

biparental maternal

Partner preference

high low

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Montane vole Prairie vole

Mating system

monogamous promiscuous

Parental care

biparental maternal

Partner preference

high low

Selective aggression

high low

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(Avpr1a) (AVP)

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Montane Prairie

(monogamous)

Avpr1a receptor pattern

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Montane Avpr1a receptor pattern Effect of vasopressin Prairie

(monogamous)

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Avpr1a receptor gene structure

(monogamous)

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Prairie vole Transgenic mouse

(monogamous)

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Prairie vole Transgenic mouse

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A microsatellite “for” monogamy?

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Avpr1a microsatellite polymorphisms among Prairie voles

microsatellite length

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microsatellite length

Avpr1a microsatellite polymorphisms among Prairie voles

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prairie vole montane vole microsatellite absent microsatellite present genetic polygamy (paternity) genetic monogamy (paternity) behavioral monogamy behavioral polygamy

…but it’s more complex (as usual)

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prairie vole montane vole microsatellite absent microsatellite present genetic polygamy (paternity) genetic monogamy (paternity) behavioral monogamy behavioral polygamy

…but it’s more complex (as usual)

exceptions in both directions: microsatellite monogamy prairie voles can be polygamous / = =

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“Model” organisms

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Aggression in the fruit fly Drosophila

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Selective breeding for aggression

% arena’s with fights

* *

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Intensity of fighting

# of roll overs

* *

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80 genes of all sorts

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Gene Function Aggr/Neu Gene Function Aggr/Neu

Cam synapse 1.161 Snap synapse 1.438 trpl synapse 1.115 Obp56a

  • lfaction

0.4 vri rhythms 0.805 TpnC41C muscle 1.432 Cyp6a20

  • lfaction

0.683 Mlc1 muscle 1.373 Est1 metabolism 1.34 Chit metabolism 1.165 Pif1 development 0.809 Est8 metabolism 1.534 wun development 1.119 Treh metabolism 1.349 DppIII development 0.882 Drs immunity 2.082 kek4 development 0.721 GNBP1 immunity 0.619 Lk6 development 0.81 Dh immunity 0.615 mub development 0.774 CAP developme nt 1.2 mfas development 1.305 Snap synapse 1.438

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Gene Function Aggr/Neu Gene Function Aggr/Neu

Cam synapse 1.161 Snap synapse 1.438 trpl synapse 1.115 Obp56a

  • lfaction

0.4 vri rhythms 0.805 TpnC41C muscle 1.432 Cyp6a20

  • lfaction

0.683 Mlc1 muscle 1.373 Est1 metabolism 1.34 Chit metabolism 1.165 Pif1 development 0.809 Est8 metabolism 1.534 wun development 1.119 Treh metabolism 1.349 DppIII development 0.882 Drs immunity 2.082 kek4 development 0.721 GNBP1 immunity 0.619 Lk6 development 0.81 Dh immunity 0.615 mub development 0.774 CAP developme nt 1.2 mfas development 1.305 Snap synapse 1.438

Galtonian Galtonian

( n

  • s

i n g l e

  • n

e m a k e s m u c h d i f f e r e n c e . ) ( n

  • s

i n g l e

  • n

e m a k e s m u c h d i f f e r e n c e . )

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Gene Function Aggr/Neu Gene Function Aggr/Neu

Cam synapse 1.161 Snap synapse 1.438 trpl synapse 1.115 Obp56a

  • lfaction

0.4 vri rhythms 0.805 TpnC41C muscle 1.432 Cyp6a20

  • lfaction

0.683 Mlc1 muscle 1.373 Est1 metabolism 1.34 Chit metabolism 1.165 Pif1 development 0.809 Est8 metabolism 1.534 wun development 1.119 Treh metabolism 1.349 DppIII development 0.882 Drs immunity 2.082 kek4 development 0.721 GNBP1 immunity 0.619 Lk6 development 0.81 Dh immunity 0.615 mub development 0.774 CAP developme nt 1.2 mfas development 1.305 Snap synapse 1.438

Galtonian Galtonian

( n

  • s

i n g l e

  • n

e m a k e s m u c h d i f f e r e n c e . ) ( n

  • s

i n g l e

  • n

e m a k e s m u c h d i f f e r e n c e . )

typical for selection experiments

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How to reconcile Mendel and Galton?

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Each of the many small-effect genes seen in continuously varying traits are inherited as single Mendelian genes. No single one makes much difference.

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N A B Nʼʼ Bʼ Aʼ Nʼ Bʼʼ Aʼʼ Genes

Cells

Behavior

Many genes for each behavior, many behaviors from each gene.

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Animal Societies – presumably “innate”

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Baboon Society and Culture

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Sapolsky’s Forest Troop

Fiercely aggressive Male dominated

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Sapolsky’s Forest Troop

Fiercely aggressive Male dominated TB wipes out alpha males

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Sapolsky’s Forest Troop

Fiercely aggressive Male dominated TB wipes out alpha males Remaining males less aggressive

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Sapolsky’s Forest Troop

Fiercely aggressive Male dominated TB wipes out alpha males Remaining males less aggressive Higher percentage of female leadership

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Sapolsky’s Forest Troop

Fiercely aggressive Male dominated TB wipes out alpha males Remaining males less aggressive Higher percentage of female leadership More cooperation/less violence

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Sapolsky’s Forest Troop

Fiercely aggressive Male dominated TB wipes out alpha males Remaining males less aggressive Higher percentage of female leadership More cooperation/less violence Continues even after entry of new of males i.e., socialization by females

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pre-TB post-TB

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Human genetic variation (indigenous populations) Human genetic variation (indigenous populations) – – mitochondrial chromosome (females) mitochondrial chromosome (females)

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Human genetic variation (indigenous populations) Human genetic variation (indigenous populations) – – Y chromosome (males) Y chromosome (males)

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