Future Directions for Global and Hemispheric Cooperation the role - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Øystein Hov

Norwegian Meteorological Institute, MSC-W, UiO chair OPAG EPAC of CAS (WMO) EMEP TFHTAP Brussels 15 June 2010

Future Directions for Global and Hemispheric Cooperation – the role of WMO

Moisture, precipitation Heat Momentum CO2 and other GHGs PM physical and chemical characterisation Halocarbons and SF6 NOx NH3 VOC CO SO2 HM POP

Weather (incremental improvements in NWP)

Radiative forcing - climate response UNFCCC (§ co- benefits and tradeoffs; seasonal to decadal) Air quality – health National and regional regulations § Acid deposition – ecosystems CLRTAP to global § Eutrophication – ecosystems CLRTAP to global § BDC Visibility incl sand and dust storms (GAW, WWRP) Surface ozone – crop loss CLRTAP to global § UV – health and crops Vienna Convention

Water availability and quality § Biodiversity BDC § Agriculture/food §

Fluxes between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere

Protect life and property, safeguard the environment, contribute to sustainable development, promote long- term observation of met., hydrological, climatological data, incl related environmental data, promote capacity-building, meet internl commitments § significant gains can be made through WMO contributions

WMO between operations, policy and research Atmospheric composition and health; ecosystems impact; climate change - the cycling of greenhouse gases and interaction with AQ incl SLCF; Nr cycling; NWP improvement; sand and dust storms (CLRTAP; EU; IPCC; Nitrogen initiative) (WMO Executive Council Task Team (EC-RTT) report April 2009)

Summing up EC-RTT + GAW recommendations

• GAW is mature but resource strapped
• WMO should ensure that the capabilities related to

meteorological observations, research models, and operations are used to

– Link regional air pollution issues together in a global perspective – Air quality forecasting – NRT AMDAR like observations of chemical composition incl H2O – Air pollution and climate change interact both ways – Water cycle – water as a resource and a carrier of pollutants/nutrients – The reactive nitrogen issue

• NMHS’s are under financial pressure. WMO member countries

anyhow face these problematic issues and need to address them through the institutions they have.

• NMHS’s and WMO are very well positioned through the

capacity to observe, do research incl develop and apply models,

• perationalise, verify/validate, disseminate and reach out

CAS agrees that

• changes in air pollution, climate and the biogeochemical cycles of trace chemicals in

the atmosphere such as carbon and reactive nitrogen give rise to environmental

• problems. Meteorological processes often strongly influence their severity and rate
• f change.
• The analysis and abatement of these problems requires an interdisciplinary

approach both nationally and internationally.

• The Commission urges WMO and its partners to intensify efforts to develop

appropriate partnerships across disciplines nationally and internationally to address these challenges.

• The Commission agrees that it is important to develop a common understanding of

air pollution, its health impacts, its long range transmission and the interaction with weather and climate change.

• The Commission agrees that many international conventions and initiatives would

benefit greatly from a common approach developed with the help of WMO and its partners nationally and internationally.

– the WMO co-sponsored Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), – the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), – the WMO-UNEP supported Vienna Convention on Protection of the Ozone Layer, – the Reactive Nitrogen Initiative, the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) and its European component Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES), – the Convention for the Long Range Transmission of Air Pollutants (CLRTAP), the Malé declaration and others.

8.3.4 Recommendation: WMO Members, including NMHSs and their national partners in other agencies and the WMO Secretariat, play a leading role in enhancing environmental

• bservations, predictions and services and should:
• Strengthen observations to support multiple scale air quality prediction. NRT data

delivery.

• Lead a global partnership to link globally the technical work on the

regional/continental long range transport of air pollution. Includes delivery of environmental data for day-to-day assessment of the long (and very long) range transport of air pollution; hindcast analysis and scenario calculations. NRT of

• bservations and forecasting.
• Provide quantitative information on carbon dioxide emissions through GAW

(recognized as the comprehensive network of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)). Support research as basis for a global carbon tracking system. DA, NWP, deduce net atmosphere/Earth surface carbon exchange and estimates of uncertainties;

• Support the analysis of the reactive nitrogen cycle to advise and build capacity to

minimize reactive nitrogen loss to waterways and to the atmosphere, while the use of reactive nitrogen fertilizer is enhanced in regions where food production is nitrogen deficient;

• Take the lead in the technical analysis of how climate variability and change and air

pollution interact both ways on a regional basis, and in combination on a global basis.

• These are issues of immediate concern throughout the world affecting societies to an

extent that is not well known but could be significant (air pollution events, floods, droughts; water supply, food supply etc.).

Integrated approach for all WMO Programmes to

provide the RIGHT INFORMATION to the RIGHT PLACE at the RIGHT TIME through:

• Routine collection and dissemination of time-critical

and operations-critical data and products

• Data Discovery, Access and Retrieval service
• Timely delivery of data and products
• Unified procedures
• Coordinated and standardized metadata
• External access (especially for metadata)

W I S Vision

GAW World Data Centres GCOS Data Centres Global Run-off Data Centre Global Precip. Climatology Centre IRI, Hadley Centre, and

• ther climate research

centres; Universities; Regional Climate Centres (CIIFEN, etc.) International Organizations (IAEA, CTBTO, UNEP , FAO.. ) Commercial Service Providers World Radiation Centre Regional Instrument Centres WMO World Data Centres International Projects (e.g. GMES HALO)

Real-time “push” On-demand “pull”

DCPC NC/ NC/ DCP DCPC NC NC NC NC/ NC/ DCP DCPC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC GISC SC GISC SC GISC SC

Satellite Two-Way Systems Satellite Dissemination (IGDDS, RETIM, etc)

NC NC NC NC DCPC GISC SC GISC SC DCPC

WI S Vision

UNECE CLRTAP (1979)

http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/full%20text/1979.CLRTAP.e.pdf §1:

• "Air Pollution" means the introduction by man, directly or

indirectly, of substances or energy into the air resulting in deleterious effects of such a nature as to endanger human health, harm living resources and ecosystems and material property and impair or interfere with amenities and other legitimate uses of the environment, and "air pollutants" shall be construed accordingly;

• "Long-range transboundary air pollution" means air pollution

whose physical origin is situated wholly or in part within the area under the national jurisdiction of one State and which has adverse effects in the area under the jurisdiction of another State at such a distance that it is not generally possible to distinguish the contribution of individual emission sources or groups of sources.

Science issues in the revised strategy (1)

Keep the Generic science goal of EMEP

• State and trends in acidification, eutrophication, surface ozone, PM, HM,

POPs

• Emission and trends, compliance
• Transboundary source-receptor-relationships
• Ecosystem recovery
• Overall assessment and policy advice

Air pollution changes with climate

• 2010-2050: climate variability and change; consequences for atmospheric
• composition. Migration. Megacities. Exposed regions
• Climate change adaptation will change energy consumption emissions

(renewables including biofuels).

• Long range transport of radiative forcing

Science issues in the revised strategy (2)

Air quality and its effect on the population

• Linking of scales. Transboundary component of population exposure
• PM: physical and chemical characterization. Health effects (WHO)
• POPs: identify new POPs, their cycle and impact
• Biogeochemical cycle of Hg

Atmospheric physical and biological processes

• Fluxes soil-atmosphere, ocean-atmosphere
• Reactive nitrogen cycle
• Air pollution and the carbon cycle

Overall assessment and scenarios

• Co-benefits air pollution/air quality – climate – reactive nitrogen
• Optimisation, sensitivity studies, scenario analysis as approaches to the

testing of alternative policy measures

Claire Granier, CNRS Globalisation of economies and emissions

• f America

SO2 emissions 10,00 MtS NOx emissions 5,92 MtN NH3 emissions 5,08 MtN S dep 8,88 MtS 89% Oxidised N deposition 5,10 MtN 86% Reduced N deposition 4,99 MtN 98%

RECOM- MEN- DATION: LINK REGIONS TOGETHER

GAW Global Aerosol Network Status China Atmos. Watch Network

Source: Zhang Xiao-Ye

• Many undersampled

regions, many sampling sites not in database

• SAG is working to recruit

contributing networks and to update database GAWSIS

EMEP model calculations with constant emissions 30t/s of mineral ash from 2000-2006, 28% by mass as PM2.5, 72% in the coarse fraction. DJF average for 2000-2006.

Climate change  air pollution

• Climate change modifies pdf’s of physical and dynamical

variables that determine atmospheric composition

• Modifications of atmosphere-surface interaction, in particular

at the terrestrial surface, important

• Earth system models only account for a small fraction of

important feedbacks and in highly parameterised ways

• Climate change – air pollution tradeoffs and cobenefits,

– measurement programmes are required in particular for fluxes between the terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere – Process oriented earth system models need development

• The climate change – air pollution feedbacks can be very

important

• Aerosol emissions 1990-2002 cooled climate -0.7°C

(Prather, Penner, et al., 2009). Kyoto gases warmed 0.3°C (emissions prior to 1990 warmed by 0.6°C)

NorESM

Standard run without volcanic emissions left column, High emissions (200t/s mineral ash, 1tS/s SO2) right column Vertical columns of mineral ash, SO2 and sulphate aerosols

2m temperature after one year of high ash and SO2 emissions (200t/s and 1tS/s, respectively)

NorESM high emissions (200t/s mineral ash, 1tS/s of SO2), end of emission year (year 1), difference from no emission (standard) run

IPCC AR4 WG1 ch7

Black line - annual T change relative to 1961-1990 up to 2000, blue line – GHG and PM constant at 2000 levels, red line – GHG constant at 2000 level, PM zero

Observational Needs

• Chemical
• Meteorological

Modeling Needs

• Weather prediction
• Chemical weather and

air quality prediction

Air Quality & Related Products

• Improved Forecasts
• Guidelines
• Pilot Projects

Users

• Health
• Agriculture
• Environmental
• Public
• Emergency Response

Capacity Building

• Workshops
• Training

Assimilation Dissemination Coordination Education Demonstration

(Tasks: 13,14) (Tasks: 9-12) (Tasks: 15-18) (Tasks: 1-4) (Tasks: 5-8)

Urbanisation air pollution health GAW - GURME RECOMMENDATION: AQ FORECASTING

MOZAIC Data (1994-2009)

• 1994-2001: 17714 flights with O3 & H2O
• 2002-2008: 13411 additional flights
• with CO (on 4 (now 3) aircraft, 2002-2009)
• with NOy (on 1 aircraft, 2001-2007)

High resolution vertical profiles during take-off and landing (~ 20m) High horizontal resolution at cruise altitude (~ 1 km) Regular measurements with 5 aircraft flying almost every day Three aircraft still in service (2 Lufthansa, 1 Air Namibia)

More than 120 publications with MOZAIC data

RECOMMENDATION: NRT AMDAR-LIKE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OBSERVATIONS INCL H2O

6/28/2010

Challenges for Networks

• Increased coordination within each type of

network

– measured parameters – sampling protocols, QA/QC, data processing – find partners in undersampled regions

• Provide information on measurements to a

common database

– e.g., GAWSIS – need to keep information up-to-date

• Provide data in a common format to users

– increase percentage of stations submitting data – not necessary to have a common data center

6/28/2010

Challenges for Integration

• Enhanced interaction of the data generation and

assimilation/modelling communities

• Coordination among different types of

measurements

• Development of re-analysis products for

combining different types of measurements – surface-based in-situ – surface-based remote sensing – satellite-based remote sensing – radiation budget

The atmospheric lower boundary is more than a surface

Indirect and direct radiative forcings from tropospheric

• zone

Sitch et al. (Nature, 2007) Symbols are direct forcings (IPCC, 2001) Blue and red curves are indirect ozone forcing, due to ozone impacts on vegetation (high ozone sensitivity) (low ozone sensitivity) Suggests that the indirect forcing may be similar in magnitude to the direct forcing.

RECOMMENDATION: AIR POLLUTION CLIMATE/WEATHER

Water stress

Changes in water yield in Europe

(Eurowasser project)

met.no no s strategy gy seminar ar K Klække kken 2 n 2007 007-10 10-30 30

Cryosphere

Water cycle system

Surface Groundwater Lithosphere

Precip Evap Evap

Unsaturated zone River system atmosphere over land atmosphere over ocean Oceans

Shortwave radiation Longwave radiation Shortwave radiation Longwave radiation Precip Evap

RECOMMENDATION: WATER CYCLE - WATER AS A RESOURCE AND CARRIER OF POLLUTANTS/NUTRIENTS

[ Title]

[ Lecturer] , [ Date]

C An integrated approach to Nitrogen pollution

FCCC CLRTAP NEC Dir. AQ Directive Directives

• n emission

control

Manur ure e Combus usti tion

• n

Soil N il NO 3 N2O Effect cts o s on ecosyst systems s

• .a.
• .a.

decreas ease i e in biodi diver ersity ty Effe ffects on

• n mater

aterials and c and cul ultur tural her herita tage Climate c te change nge Effe ffects on

• n hum

human and an and ani animal heal health th NH NH3 NH NH4NO NO3 HNO HNO3 NO NOx Fertili lizer indus ustr try CO CO

2,

, CH CH4, SF SF

6, H

, HFK, , PFK, .. , .. SO SO

2, (

, (NH NH4)2SO4 O4

N2

Aquatic NO3

Nitrate Directive Water Directive

CBD ?

RECOMMENDATION: THE REACTIVE NITROGEN CYCLE

34 WMO CASXV Incheon Republic of Korea 18-25 November 2009

35 WMO CASXV Incheon Republic of Korea 18-25 November 2009

Observations:

GAW Global Stations

Jungfraujoch Zugspitze- Hohenpeissenberg

• Mt. Waliguan

Minamitorishima Bukit Koto Tabang Danum Valley Cape Grim Lauder Neumayer Ushuaia Amsterdam Is. Cape Point Arembepe Pallas- Sodankylä Zeppelin Mountain/ Ny Ålesund Alert Point Barrow Mauna Loa Samoa Izaña Assekrem- Tamanrasset

• Mt. Kenya

Mace Head South Pole

36 WMO CASXV Incheon Republic of Korea 18-25 November 2009

Thank you for your attention

Policy frameworks

• CLRTAP
• CAFE
• UNFCCC

Facilitators:

• EMEP
• IPCC
• WMO GAW-IGACO
• GMES/GEOSS

Fluxes between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere; Issues

Climate change Air pollution; Globalisation of pollutants; Reactive nitrogen cycle; Air pollution forecasting

• Moisture, precipitation
• Heat
• Momentum
• CO2 and other GHGs
• PM physical and chemical

characterisation

• Halocarbons and SF6
• NOx
• NH3
• VOC
• CO
• SO2
• HM
• POP
• Weather (incremental improvements in NWP)
• Radiative forcing - climate UNFCCC

(§ co-benefits and tradeoffs; seasonal to decadal)

• Air quality – health National and regional regulations

§

• Acid deposition – ecosystems CLRTAP to global, ash,

visibility §

• Eutrophication – ecosystems CLRTAP to global, § BDC
• Visibility incl sand and dust storms (GAW, WWRP)
• Surface ozone – crop loss CLRTAP to global §
• UV – health and crops Vienna Convention
• Water availability and quality §
• Biodiversity BDC §
• Agriculture/food §

(§ significant gains can be made through WMO contributions)

41 WMO CASXV Incheon Republic of Korea 18-25 November 2009

• Develop GAW into a three-dimensional

network through integration of all kind of

• bservations from surface to space

Main Long-term Objectives Rationale Mission Objectives Implementation

Strategic Plan for GAW 2008-2015

• Start delivering data in near real time by

using WMO GTS/WIS

• Merge all activities from the observation to

the users application into coherent data processing chains related to a GAW quality management system

• Support assimilation of the essential climate

variables in atmospheric transport and numerical weather prediction models

How does GAW function? (1)

• GAW is moving from basic research to mature science
• Reliance on individual intellectual capital replaced by

structural knowledge

• GAWTEC, GAWSIS, twinning very valuable mechanisms

to educate and share information, in addition to the general increase in the level of education. Standardised procedures important (SOPs, audits)

• Mobility of researchers
• High quality reports from station holders, incl

interpretation and application of observations, notable efforts in Asia (China, India, Korea, Indonesia etc)

• Reports of SAGs, WDCs, CCLs, QA/SACs, of high

quality and in line with the recommendation in the GAW SP

How does GAW function? (2)

• Advanced and cost efficient global monitoring

systems emerging. Serve several purposes (research, operations, calval) (IAGOS in addition to satellite remote sensing). Cfr AMDAR. Role of international funding mechanisms (eg ESFRI, GMES/GEOSS)

• Data policy in GAW. Importance of metadata
• GAW2009 brings people together and ”cuts across”

in new ways compared to national command lines. Networking

• Climate change and carbon trading strong driving

forces for GAW GHG and aerosol observations

• Mature science and operations require adequate

institutions; NMHs/academia/env agencies roles

How does GAW function? (3)

• Role of WMO: WMO is a facilitator, coordinator and

advisor; does not provide operational services or funds except for facilitating knowledge transfer

• The contribution by WMO members essential

(dedicated institutions, individuals, finances, research infrastructure)

• WMO-GAW between operations, policy and research

provides a global framework for interconnected local, regional and global issues. Analogy with NWP – research demonstrated results of high societal relevance and value => operations

• Every ”GAW-layer” must be self-sufficient financially

GAW 2009 (5-8 May in Geneva)

GAW 2009 break-out sessions: The role of GAW; how can the role be enhanced:

• Ozone depletion, UV; Vienna Convention
• Atmospheric chemistry and climate change interaction
• Globalization of air pollution
• Network coverage and quality, role of super sites
• Links to other initiatives IGBP, IPCC, WCRP, GEOSS
• Merging ground-based, aircraft and satellite obs, models,

DA Data management; GAWSIS

• WDCs (precipitation, aerosol)
• Which networks to be included in GAWSIS

Data quality questions, calibration centres

• Expansion of WCC-Empa to CO2 observations
• International GHG Standards Intercomparisons
• Interaction with BIPM and NMIs
• CCL for halocarbons

HOW? Components of an Integrated Global Aerosol Observations Analysis System

World Integrated Data Network: e.g. WDCA, WDC-RSAT AERONET

Reanalysis or Inversions

NWP Models & Data Assimilation

GEMS; WMO SDS-WAS

Cal/Val & Quality Assurance Globally Gridded Data &/or Emissions

Applications

1. Air Quality Warnings 2. Public SDS Warnings 3. Public Aerosol Bulletins 4. Surface and air transport 5. Scientific Assessments (IPCC, Ozone, Precip) 6. Improved Weather Forecasts 7. Climate assessment

Observations

• Satellite
• Aircraft
• Surface

(in situ, remote)

Observation Optimization Real Time Data Delivery WIS etc

Air/Surface Exchange & Emissions

All Data Delivery

CTM

• r NWP

Models

Leaders: WMO/GAW & Satellite Orgs & ENV Orgs

The GTS RA I

World Meteorological Centres

W W W GTS

Regional/Specialized Meteorological Centres National Meteorological Centres Meteorological and R&D Satellite Operator Centres

Current situation: GTS

interconnects

GTS provides:

• Information collection and distribution
• Real-time push for WWW data & products

(and some other programmes data)

• Information management
• Standard data formats
• Implicit metadata & catalogs

Current situation: GTS

For W W W W W W

• Information exchange
• Real-time and non-real-time
• Multiplicity of procedures
• Very limited pull
• Information management
• Multiplicity of data formats
• Uncoordinated/lack of metadata & catalogs
• No discovery
• Many program data systems outside of GTS
• GTS is a closed system

Current situation:

GTS TS and Ot her er W MO Program m es es sy syst st em em s

GTS IGDDS

Weather Domain Climate Domain Water Domain

G E O

Health Energy Disasters Weather Climate Water Agriculture Ecosystems Biodiversity

W M O Internet GEO- NetCast

W I I S

WIS contribution to GEO

IAGOS Installation

(design by SNT)

Inlet Plate with BCP Pumps P-1 Package 1 (on all ac): DAS, O3, CO (CNRS) H2O (FZJ), cloud (UMAN) Package 2 (4 options): a: NOy (FZJ) b: NOx (FZJ c: CO2+CH4 (MPG) d: Aerosol (DLR) 2 gas bottles (for P-2 a,b,c)

Total Weight: 120 kg

Safety Box & electr. provisions Ventilation & smoke det

6/28/2010J. Ogren 05/03/09

NASA A-Train

CALIPSO Aerosol Lidar

GAW/AERONET Aerosol Remote Sensing Stations

18 UTC, 7 May 2002 30-hr forecast

Forecast

Integrated Products: Observations + Models

Water consumption projection

[ Title]

[ Lecturer] , [ Date]

N = = food food; ; ener energy = N N

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 1850 1900 1950 2000 Yea Year

Wor

• rld popul

populati tion and and Agr gricultu tural s sur urfac face

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Fer erti tilizers and N and NOx

World d populat ation

• n milions

ns Agric ricul.

• l. surf

rface milions ns ha Fert rtiliz ilizer r Tgr NO NOx e x emissi ssions Carl Bosch Fritz Haber

[ Title]

[ Lecturer] , [ Date]

y ( )

Level of scientific understanding

High High High High Med Med Low V Low V Low V Low V Low V Low V Low V Low V Low V Low

Radiative Forcing (W m-2)

• 2
• 1

1 2 +ve components

• ve components
• ve N effects

+ve N effects Halocarbons N2O CH4 CO2 stratospheric

• zone

tropospheric

• zone

sulphate fossil fuel BC fossil fuel OC mineral dust biomass burning aerosol indirect effect contrails cirrus landuse (albedo only) solar nitrate

The effect of N on the GH balance …

CLRTAP, EMEP Regional air quality Management of reactive nitrogen Stockholm Convention Toxic species UNFCCC climate

EMEP Task Forces, Malé Declaration, EANET Co-benefits in reducing air pollution and climate change Eutrophication, reactive nitrogen in PM; TFRN under WGSR EANET, EEA, DG Environment, DG Enterprise, GMES, WMO-GAW HM and POPs in EMEP

• Reducing SO2 or NOx emissions improve air quality, reduce the aerosol

load, increase surface heating.

• Reducing NOx emissions reduce tropospheric ozone and reduce RF
• Climate change modifies synoptic weather including precipitation and

change wet deposition

1 1

Protocols to the Convention

• 1999 Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone; 24
• Parties. Entered into force on 17 May 2005.
• 1998 Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs); 29 Parties. Entered into

force on 23 October 2003.

• 1998 Protocol on Heavy Metals; 29 Parties. Entered into force on 29 December

2003.

• 1994 Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions; 27 Parties. Entered into

force 5 August 1998.

• 1991 Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds
• r their Transboundary Fluxes; 23 Parties. Entered into force 29 September 1997.
• 1988 Protocol concerning the Control of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary

Fluxes; 32 Parties. Entered into force 14 February 1991.

• 1985 Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary

Fluxes by at least 30 per cent; 23 Parties. Entered into force 2 September 1987.

• 1984 Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for

Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP); 42 Parties. Entered into force 28 January 1988.

• Support of EU legislation (NEC, AQFD and its daughter directives; CAFE)

Evaluation of EMEP capacities in the current strategic period (2000-2009)

1 (low), 2 (medium), 3 (high)

EMEP capacity Emissions Models incl data assimi- lation Observations Overall assess- ment Transboundary fluxes of air pollution 3 3 3 3 Air Pollution and its effects

• n the population
• PM
• Toxic substances

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Atmosphere-biosphere interactions

• Reactive nitrogen

atmospheric cycle

• Air pollution and the

carbon cycle 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Climate change impacts on air pollution 2 1 2 1

Satellite and in situ networks

Atmospheric Core Services Atmospheric Dow nstream Services

atmosphere Operational Users

Service

• utputs

(others) Core information (atmosphere incl land and ocean interfaces) User customized information (user products) Real time input information (raw data)

GMES

Structure of Products, Services and Delivery system Blueprint for GMES and GEOSS