FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
Francesca Delogu delogu@coli.uni-saarland.de
- http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/courses/FLST/2014/
FLST: Cognitive Foundations Francesca Delogu - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
FLST: Cognitive Foundations Francesca Delogu delogu@coli.uni-saarland.de http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/courses/FLST/2014/ FLST: Cognitive Foundations Schedule Experimental research in psycholinguistics Today
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
Ø Experimental methods in psycholinguistic research
§ Principles of experimental design § Basic statistics for data analysis
§ Tutorial
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
Experiments ¡ Theories/ models ¡ Hypotheses ¡ Data ¡ Analysis/ evalua9on ¡
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ People understand language at a rate of about 300 words per
§ Lexical retrieval, syntactic parsing and semantic interpretation all
§ Time is important!
§ How are local and global ambiguity resolved? § How are interpretations revised? § What sources of information are used?
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ Anything else that could influence the outcome is kept constant or
§ E.g., Whether or not ink color matches word meaning
§ Accuracy, reaction time, etc. à depend on which experimental method
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ E.g., comprehension questions à interpretation
§ E.g., reading times à if and when interpretations are revised
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ Accuracy
§ Measured on a scale (definitely implausible à definitely
§ Cloze probabilities: proportion of people who provide a certain
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
è 57% incorrect “yes” responses
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ When is something happening?
§ What is happening?
§ Where in the brain is it happening?
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ Lexical decision, priming, eye-tracking, self-paced reading,
§ Electroencephalography (EEG), Magnetoencephalography
§ Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Positron
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ A combination of the two (pictures + spoken language)
§ Read and press a button to proceed (self-paced reading) § Name the color of the ink
§ time taken to press the button - reaction time (RT) § fixation latency, position, etc. – reading time, proportion of
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ A more difficult mental operation will take more time § If more more steps are needed, they will take more time
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ Investigate Mental lexicon
§ Syntactic, semantic, pragmatic processing
§ Syntactic, semantic, pragmatic processing
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§
§
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ How do we access lexical entries (serial or parallel search)? § How is the lexicon structured?
§ Word vs. non-word à basic manipulation § Word frequency (e.g., low-medium-high) § Context (i.e. what other entries you’ve just accessed)
§ etc.
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§
The type of relationship between prime and target (Semantic, phonological,
§
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) à the time between the onset of the prime and the onset of the target
§
The degree to which the prime reaches awareness (Masked priming)
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
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FLST: Cognitive Foundations
doctor-nurse
table-nurse
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ Investigate Mental lexicon
§ Syntactic, semantic, pragmatic processing
§ Syntactic, semantic, pragmatic processing
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ Additional tasks (off-line): comprehension questions (to check they
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
254 ¡ 210 ¡ 266 ¡
183 ¡
102 ¡
122 ¡
189 ¡ 231 ¡ 274 ¡
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ duration of first fixation in a region
§ time spent in a region before moving on or looking back
§ time from first entering a region until moving the eyes beyond
§ duration of re-fixations
§ sum of all fixations in a region
§ proportion of regressions from a region following first-pass
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
Ø There is no appreciable lag between what is fixated and what is
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ Lexical access + constraints that control structure-building
§ Other measures (e.g., regression path duration, total reading
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ High temporal resolution § Less artificial
§ Interpretation of the
§ No skipped words § Blinking not problematic
§ Moving-window: development
§ RTs include perception of the
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
MEANING AND EYE FIXATIONS
93
FIG.
slide accompanying Story 3.
Pk :S Z-
until I noticed slithering through the grass a long snake. just where the zebra
, . z-----,h
cad b + een grazing. The king of the beasts’hadn’t gotten
his/p&G
had
D--b D+ DeL+S+ D
some good pictures, and Scot& was so frightened by the events that he +
D- L-Z
never again left camp the whole time we were in Africa.
Critical item and ward-picture relations of Story 3 in order of presentation. ( 1) Direct Noncontextual Relations ( 20) : forests(T), big game{ L,Z), dog(D)> wormed(S), birds(Pk), bunches(G), grapes ( G ), branches(T), tree(T), birds(Pk), pipe(P), lion(L), zebra(Z), camera(C), zebra(Z), animals(L,Z,S,D,Pk), lion(L), snake(S), zebra(Z), king of the beasts(L) .
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ Lexical decision, priming, eye-tracking, self-paced reading, picture
§ EEG (ERPs), MEG
§ fMRI, Pet
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ The complexity of the operation
Ø Information on ‘what’ is happening Ø ‘when’ is happening (high temporal resolution)
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§
§
§ To find the direction of the magnetic field point the thumb in
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ Sophisticated source modeling techniques
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
Signal magnitude Large signal (10 mV), easy to detect Tiny signal (10 fT), difficult to detect Cost Cheap Expensive Signal purity Affected by skull, scalp, etc. Unaffected by skull, scalp, etc. Temporal Resolution ~ 1 ms ~ 1 ms Spatial Localization ~ 1 cm ~ 1 mm Experimental design Requires lots of trials Requires lots of trials Experimental Flexibility Allows some movement Requires complete stillness Dipole Orientation Sensitive to tangential and radial dipoles Sensitive only to tangential dipoles
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ Lexical decision, priming, eye-tracking, self-paced reading, picture
§ EEG (ERPs), MEG
§ fMRI, PET, etc.
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
FLST: Cognitive Foundations
§ Behavioral, EEG and MEG
§ Behavioral, EEG, MEG
§ MEG, fMRI