Five Things Not to Do to Increase Physical Activity Mark Fenton Tufts University Jan. 2016 www.markfenton.com
Five things . . . • Don’t tell people to exercise. • Stop doing health fairs. • Never beg for physical activity infrastructure. • Don’t create a big coalition w/ monthly meetings. • Do not be happy unless you’ve put stuff on the ground and changed the rules. www.markfenton.com
#1 Don’t just promote exercise. How we often depict PA . . . Kingsport TN Anchorage AK www.markfenton.com
National Physical Activity Plan humankinetics.com www.markfenton.com
The Stickiness Problem Effect of Short Bouts, Home Treadmills (Jakicic et.al., J. Amer. Med. Assoc., 282, 16) 240 ? Exercise (min/week) 180 LB SB SBT 120 60 0 6 12 18 months www.markfenton.com
The Stickiness Problem Effect of Short Bouts, Home Treadmills (Jakicic et.al., J. Amer. Med. Assoc., 282, 16) 240 Exercise (min/week 180 LB SB SBT 120 60 0 6 12 18 months www.markfenton.com
Energy Expenditure Structured vs. Lifestyle Activity (Dunn et.al., JAMA 281, 4) 35 Energy Expenditure (kcal/kg/day) 34 33 Lifestyle Structured 32 0 6 12 18 24 months www.markfenton.com
Self-help vs. Commercial Weight Loss Programs (Heshka et.al., JAMA 289, 14; April 9, 2003) 0 Weight Change, kg -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -3 -4 -4 -5 -5 Self-h Se -help -6 -6 Comme mmercial -7 -7 0 6 12 12 18 18 24 24 months www.markfenton.com
The point: Simply teaching, promoting, cajoling, urging, & bribing people to “exercise” is not enough. The focus must be on increases in routine, daily physical activity for everyone. www.markfenton.com
The story in just three numbers: 30 minutes of daily physical activity recommended (60 min. for youth). (www.health.gov/paguidelines) % of Americans actually meet these 20 < recommendations (thru LTPA). (Troiano et.al., Med Sci Sports & Ex. , 40(1), 181-188, 2008) 365 ,000 estimated annual deaths in America due to physical inactivity & poor nutrition. (2 nd only to tobacco.) (Mokdad et.al., JAMA . 2005 Jan 19;293(3):298) www.markfenton.com
Pre-1973 Post-1973 Berrigan D, Troiano R. The association between urban form & physical activity in U.S. Adults., Am J Prev Med. 2002 Aug;23(2 Suppl):74-9. www.markfenton.com
Social Ecology Determinants Model of behavior Individual change motivation, skills Sallis & Owen, Physical Interpersonal - family, Activity & Behavioral friends, colleagues Medicine . Institutional - school, work, health care & service providers Community - networks, facilities Public Policy - laws, ordinances, permitting practices & procedures www.markfenton.com
#2 No more health fairs. • Only reaches those who choose to show up! • Doesn’t necessarily change behavior. • Doesn’t change the context. www.markfenton.com
Can our day-to-day environment be Denton TX made sticky? 1. Varied destinations within walk, bike, & transit distance. 2. Network of sidewalks, trails, bike lanes, transit. 3. Functional inviting designs for pedestrians, bicyclists, & transit users. 4. Safe & accessible for all ages, incomes, abilities www.activelivingresearch.org www.markfenton.com
Four Elements of Healthy Design: Ped, bike, & transit network Mix of destinations Safety & access for all Functional site design www.activelivingresearch.org www.markfenton.com
The US Surgeon General concurs: www.surgeongeneral.gov/StepItUp 1. Promote more walking. 2. Build a more walkable world. www.markfenton.com
Low cost options & demonstration projects. E.g. Inexpensive, reversible curb extensions . St. Louis Billings Queens NY www.markfenton.com
Walkyourcity.org Montpelier Street furnishings, wayfinding, parklets. www.markfenton.com
Anaconda, MT “pop-up” curb extension. But can the biggest truck make the turn? Try it!! www.markfenton.com
Better Block demonstration Youngstown OH betterblock.org www.markfenton.com
Diagonal parking increases on-street capacity, but . . . Reverse angle: • Less severe & costly collisions. • Safer for bikes. • Pedestrians out of the road. Akron OH www.markfenton.com
Hutchinson, KS reverse angle parking “tryout” www.markfenton.com
Trial - Villa Rica, GA www.markfenton.com
#3 No begging for infrastructure. www.markfenton.com
Bicycle network Sharrow elements: Bike lane American River Trail Sacramento Protected bike lane www.markfenton.com
Selling it: Make the economic case. Walking the Walk: How Walkability Raises Housing Values in U.S. Cities (CEOs for Cities)* walkscore = 67 walkscore = 12 Higher score = $4,000-$34,000 home value *www.ceosforcities.org/work/walkingthewalk www.walkscore.com www.markfenton.com
On Common Ground Nat’l Assoc. of Realtors Summer 2010; www.realtor.org The Next Generation of Home Buyers: • Taste for in-town living. • Appetite for public transportation. • Strong green streak. • Plus, Americans are driving less overall! www.markfenton.com
Walkability. Why we care & why you should too! National Association of Home Builders, Mar. 2014 • Consumer desire • Flexibility in design • Lower development costs . . . www.markfenton.com
Counter the NIMBYs & CAVEs. Homes abutting trails sell in 1/3 to 1/2 the time, and at a larger % of asking price, than non-abutters. Bedford MA Trails & Greenways: Advancing the Smart Growth Agenda Rails-to-Trails Conservancy www.markfenton.com
Smart Growth & Economic Success www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/economic_success.htm Dec. 2012, Nov 2013 www.markfenton.com www.markfenton.com
Environmental & economic sustainability www.epa.gov/smartgrowth • Support, protect the rural landscape – Economic development – Protecting agriculture • Help existing places, downtowns thrive. • Create great new places – Designate growth areas – Constrain road costs www.markfenton.com
Benefits of protected bike facilities BikeWalkAlliance.org GreenLaneProject.org • Healthier, more productive workers. • Support real estate values. • Increased retail revenue. • Recruiting & retaining skilled employees. www.markfenton.com
#4 Don’t just create a giant coalition w/ monthly meetings. • Schools & education • Planning & Zoning • Engineering, DPW • Parks & recreation • Historical Society • Public Health & Safety • Chamber of Commerce • Economic Development, employers • Neighborhood Assoc., church & service groups • Environment, Conservation . . . www.markfenton.com
Not so organized chart: Bike/Ped Advocates YMCA Parks Rec. AHA Planning Trails ACS Health ADA Developers Transport Electeds Hospital Employers PTOs DPW Schools Insurer Neighbor- hoods www.markfenton.com
Build a “stealth” team: Bike/Ped Trails Advocate Rec. Elected Transport Planning Parks Enviro. Econ. DPW Vision Neighbor- Devlpmt hoods Jobs NAR Agriculture Banks Reach Developer NAHB YMCA Schools Health Employers PTOs Hospital Insurer Churches Found. ADA Service Orgs. AHA ACS www.markfenton.com
Focused action teams: Zoning updates • Small, strong, well-connected Open space protection leadership team. Ped/Bike Plan • Tight, focused ‘Stealth’ action teams on Leadership Team specific topics. • No monthly meetings, just Transport Complete trails Streets functionally targeted work. SRTS www.markfenton.com
#5 Don’t bother unless you’re working to change infrastructure & policies! (Fenton, Community Design & Policies for Free Range Children, Childhood Obesity 8(1), Feb 2012) 1. Healthy planning & zoning. 2. Complete Streets. 3. Transportation trail networks. 4. Transit- & bicycle-friendly policies. 5. Comprehensive Safe Routes to School. www.markfenton.com
5a Best practices in zoning. Less of this . . . More like this? • Narrow streets, sidewalks both sides, required links to trail system (existing & planned). • Compact design, shared open space. • Mix housing types, sizes (& incomes). www.markfenton.com
Steer residential & Greenfield IN retail development back into cities and towns. E.g. Naperville, IL www.markfenton.com
Policy – Multi-modal Transportation Analysis vs. Traffic Impact Analysis (MMTA vs TIA) • Typical: Turn lanes, signal . . . • Sidewalk link? Benches? Bike lane, sharrows? • Transit shelter, pathway? www.markfenton.com
5b Policy: Complete Streets 1. Pedestrians, cyclists, transit riders, & drivers of all ages & abilities considered whenever we touch a corridor. 2. Limited, specific exemptions. 3. Update design guidelines www.completestreets.org www.markfenton.com
Update guidelines, design requirements. Urban Street Design Guide • Don’t reinvent the wheel! Nat’l Association of City Transportation Officials have compiled the evidence base and best practices. www.markfenton.com
Complete Streets for a complete network • Reduces collisions & • 5 or 4 lanes reduced to 3, severity. “road diets.” • Improves performance for pedestrians, bikes. Urbana, IL; before & after. www.markfenton.com
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