Feeding experiments with selected fatty acid Feeding experiments - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Feeding experiments with selected fatty acid Feeding experiments with selected fatty acid supplementations supplementations EU IPA project ID: HUSRB/1002/214/120 ID: HUSRB/1002/214/120 EU IPA project Istvan Csengeri, PhD Research
EU IPA project EU IPA project – – ID: HUSRB/1002/214/120 ID: HUSRB/1002/214/120
Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation (HAKI) Szarvas, Hungary e-mail: csengeri@haki.hu
IMPROVE HEALTH CONDITION through CONSUMPTION OF INCREASED QUALITY FISH MEAT.
Several papers show that the CVD mortalities can be decreased by consuming fish rich in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LcPUFA) belonging to omega-3 family. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of linoleic and linolenic acid family are regarded as essential nutrients, that is, they have to be supplied in the food. Essential fatty acids (EFA) are basically of plant origin. Main fatty acid series /families/ palmitoleic (n-7) 16 :1(n-7) ω7-series
(n-9) 18 :1(n-9) ω9-series linoleic (n-6) 18 :2(n-6) ω6-series linolenic (n-3) 18 :3(n-3) ω3-series
Association of proteins can be induced by selective accumulation of proteins in distinct lipid microdomains (a) or by specific protein–protein interactions (b). (a) The membrane contains lipid microdomains with distinct lipid compositions. These membrane areas harbor different sets of proteins. Green lipid molecules preferentially accumulate proteins whose transmembrane domain is displayed in black and also proteins that are attached to the extracellular leaflet
the membrane (glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins). The mechanism for the selective accumulation of proteins in a given lipid environment can be explained by a preference
microviscosity) properties
the lipid microdomain. Nanometer-sized protein associations can be considered a lipid-mediated interaction in this case. (b) (b) Specific protein–protein interactions mediated by transmembrane proteins or ligands binding to them also may be responsible for the generation of protein associations. Source: Vereb et al. 2003. PNAS, 100 (14) 8053-8058
Source: W.S. Harris, 2008. The omega-3 index as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87(suppl):1997S–2002S citing from MA et al., 2004. n–3PUFAand membrane microdomains: a new frontier in bioactive lipid research. J Nutr Biochem 15:700-6.
Modifications
membrane composition with increased eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
PUFAs) become incorporated into membranes, they affect the properties of both lipid rafts (left) and caveolae (right), reducing the sphingomyelin content of the former and the cholesterol and caveolin content of the latter. These changes can influence the function and binding
membrane associated proteins, ultimately altering cell function.
Newer functions of the Omega-3 Fatty acids
Modified from: Serhan, C.N. 2010. Resolvins and Protectins: Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Inflammation and Organ Protection: Metabolomics of Catabasis. NUTRITION, TRAUMA, AND THE BRAIN, Prepublication copy: Uncorrected proofs
Source: W.S. Harris, C. von Schacky 2004. The Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease? Preventive Med., 39:212-220
The Omega-3 index The omega-3 index is the sum of 2 prominent long- chain n-3 fatty acids [ie, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA)] in erythrocyte membranes and is expressed as a percentage of total erythrocyte fatty acids (FAs).
Source: Sala-Vila A, Harris WS, Cofán M, Pérez-Heras AM, Pintó X, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Covas MI, Estruch R, Ros E. 2011. Determinants
The Omega-3 index
Source: Block RC, Harris WS, Reid KJ, Sands SA, Spertus JA. 2008. EPA and DHA in blood cell membranes from acute coronary syndrome patients and
Increased blood levels of the omega-3 fatty acids (FA) – EPA and DHA have been inversely associated with risk for sudden cardiac death - Low EPA+DHA may be associated with increased risk for ACS
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is usually one of three diseases involving the coronary arteries: ST elevation myocardial infarction (30%), non ST elevation myocardial infarction (25%), or unstable angina (38%).1
Activity 1: Development of fish feed formulations trials
Four new diets for carp, with superior nutritional and physical characteristics, will be formulated. While control feed will be a commercial sinking pellet , four new formulations will be developed to produce floating feed containing different combinations of raw feed materials, linseed and fish oils, as well as specific ingredients such as arachidonic acid (ARA) rich oil and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) fortified oil. FEEDS: commercial sinking pellet (control – C1): 90 kg floating diets: (i) linseed oil diet (4 % LSO – F1); - 60 kg (ii) LSO plus arachidonic acid, ARA-rich oil (from fungus Mortierella alpina), (LSO 2% + 2% ARA(>40%) - F2); 30 kg (iii), fish oil diet (Fish oil 4 % - F3); 30 kg (iv) PUFA restoration floating diet (F4) - 60 kg (iv)? (Fish oil 2 % +1.4% ARA + 0.6 % DHA - F4) (v)? (Fish oil 2 % +1.0% ARA + 0.5 % EPA + 0.5 % DHA – F5) Oil addition depends on the available ingredients’ fat contents.
Activity 4: Feed performance in fish feeding trials
Feed efficiency of new four feeds will be tested in feeding trial with common carp (~ 0.5 kg) in in-door tank culture system to produce edible size (>1 kg) carp. In the 1st trial, one commercial sinking diet and three floating diets
LNA, ARA, EPA and DHA
In the 2nd trial, fish will be fed a commercial sinking diet and the fourth floating diet for 6 weeks. During experiments, oxygen levels will be monitored daily and other water quality parameters will be measured weekly. The fish performance parameters will be evaluated at the end of experiments. 1st carp trial C1 - sinking pellet (control – C1); 60 kg F1 - linseed oil diet (4 % LSO – F1); 30 kg F2 - LSO plus arachidonic acid, (LSO 2% + 2% ARA - F2); 30 kg F3 - fish oil diet (Fish oil 4 % - F3); 30 kg F4 - PUFA restoration floating diet (Fish oil 2 % +1.5% ARA + 0.5 % DHA- F4); 30 kg 2nd carp trial C1 - sinking pellet (control – C1): 30 kg C1-F4 - sinking pellet group continued on + PUFA restoration floating diet; 30 kg
Activity 5: Fish meat quality - chemical assessment
At the end of the feeding trials, fish fillets will be separated by standard slaughter technique. The fish meat chemical analyses of homogenized fillets (in total 36 samples from both feeding trials) will include basic chemical composition and fatty acid profile.
Activity 6: Fish meat quality - biological assessment
Fish fillet portions from the feeding trials will be included into diets for 2 feeding trials with mammalian model animals, i.e. rats. After feeding trials, specific physiological effects, which can appear in humans as a consequence
blood pressure, heart rate and ex vivo platelet aggregation changes of rats, fed a carp-extract enriched food, will be recorded. Further, the effects of carp-extract feeding in rats on myocardial ischemia - reperfusion induced arrhythmias, will be determined. Rat feeding trial A. RChow
RcarpF1 – solid diet plus/or with carp fillet (from fish reared on linseed oil diet (4 % LSO – F1) RcarpF2 - solid diet plus/or with carp fillet (from fish reared on LSO plus arachidonic acid diet (LSO 2% + 2% ARA - F2) Rat feeding trial B. RcarpF3 – solid diet plus/or with carp fillet (from fish reared on fish oil diet (Fish oil 4 % - F3) RcarpF4 - solid diet plus/or with carp fillet (from fish reared on PUFA restoration floating diet (Fish oil 2% +1.5% ARA + 0.5% DHA- F4)
Review
by Peter D. Nichols, James Petrie and Surinder Singh Nutrients 2010, 2, 572-585; doi:10.3390/nu2060572
Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review by Gatlin, D. M., et al., 2007, Aquaculture Research, 38, 551-579 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01704.x
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1 4 : 1 5 : 1 6 : 1 6 : 1 ( n
) 1 8 : 1 8 : 1 ( n
) 1 8 : 2 ( n
) 1 8 : 3 / 2 : 1 2 : 2 ( n
) 2 : 4 ( n
) 2 : 4 ( n
) 2 : 5 ( n
) 2 2 : 4 ( n
) 2 2 : 5 ( n
) 2 2 : 5 ( n
) 2 2 : 6 ( n
) FEED 1- FFSB FEED 2- ANIM. TROUT on FSSB d. TROUT on ANIM. d.
%
Carp strain Dunai Amúri Szegedi FA (mg/g) avg ± SD avg ± SD avg ± SD 16:0 11.06 ± 7.12 7.42 ± 2.30 5.77 ± 2.56 18:0 2.89 ± 1.93 1.87 ± 0.64 1.20 ± 0.49 18:1ω9 21.60 ± 14.77 13.88 ± 4.77 9.54 ± 4.43 18:2ω6 7.28 ± 4.93 4.51 ± 1.17 3.70 ± 1.79 18:3ω3 5.94 ± 4.00 3.69 ± 0.98 3.05 ± 1.53 20:4ω6 0.18 ± 0.05 0.18 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.02 20:5ω3 0.74 ± 0.31 0.51 ± 0.09 0.48 ± 0.12 22:6ω3 2.05 ± 0.57 1.72 ± 0.26 1.60 ± 0.25 Total 69.40 ± 45.23 45.41 ± 13.50 35.03 ± 15.37 Total n-6 8.34 ± 5.52 5.29 ± 1.34 4.38 ± 2.02 Total n-3 10.11 ± 5.65 6.93 ± 1.58 6.00 ± 2.23 Total n-3/Total n-6 1.29 ± 0.16 1.32 ± 0.05 1.43 ± 0.19 EPA + DHA 2.79 ± 0.88 2.23 ± 0.34 2.08 ± 0.36 ARA 0.18 ± 0.05 0.18 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.02 n=5
FAs in white muscle
strains fed on fishmeal
rich diet
Csengeri I., Gál D., Kosáros T., Pekár F., Bakos J., Potra F., Kovács Gy., Feledi T., Fazekas J., Biró J., J. Sándor Zs., Gy. Papp Zs., Jeney Zs., Rónyai A. (2011) A haltakarmányozás halliszt és halolaj nélkül? (Fish feeding without fishmeal and fish oil) Állattenyésztés és Takarmányozás, 60(3):281-294
FAs in white muscle of carp strains fed on plant
protein diet and on fish oil rich PUFA-restoration diet
Carp strains & feeds Dunai Lupin based. Amúri Lupin based.. Szegedi Lupin based.. Dunai - PUFA- restoration feed Fatty acid (mg/g) avg.
±
SD avg.
±
SD avg.
±
SD avg.g
±
SD 16:0 5.33
±
2.09 4.16
±
1.40 4.51
±
2.36 4,75
±
1,40 18:0 1.65
±
0.62 1.26
±
0.39 1.32
±
0.61 1,37
±
0,33 18:1ω9 14.07
±
6.07 10.00
±
3.95 10.91
±
6.58 10,42
±
3,17 18:2ω6 8.53
±
3.64 6.28
±
2.42 6.05
±
3.35 6,52
±
2,69 18:3ω3 3.18
±
1.38 2.30
±
0.93 2.18
±
1.23 1,34
±
0,62 20:4ω6 0.47
±
0.09 0.52
±
0.07 0.55
±
0.14 0,35
±
0,05 20:5ω3 0.20
±
0.04 0.18
±
0.04 0.21
±
0.07 0,44
±
0,11 22:6ω3 0.71
±
0.11 0.75
±
0.09 0.81
±
0.09 1,77
±
0,29 Total 39.82
± 16.16
30.25
± 10.67
31.92
± 17.15
32,99
±
10,50 Total n-6 9.78
±
3.99 7.55
±
2.70 7.36
±
3.77 7,45
±
2,92 Total n-3 4.57
±
1.73 3.64
±
1.22 3.65
±
1.57 4,19
±
1,20 Total n-3/Total n-6 0.48
±
0.04 0.49
±
0.02 0.52
±
0.05 0,58
±
0,06 EPA + DHA 0.91
±
0.15 0.93
±
0.12 1.02
±
0.15 2,21
±
0,40 ARA 0.47
±
0.09 0.52
±
0.07 0.55
±
0.14 0,35
±
0,05 n=5
Csengeri I., Gál D., Kosáros T., Pekár F., Bakos J., Potra F., Kovács Gy., Feledi T., Fazekas J., Biró J., J. Sándor Zs., Gy. Papp Zs., Jeney Zs., Rónyai A. (2011) A haltakarmányozás halliszt és halolaj nélkül? (Fish feeding without fishmeal and fish oil) Állattenyésztés és Takarmányozás, 60(3):281-294
Source: C.J. Cutts, J. Sawanboonchun, C. Mazorra de Quero, and J. G. Bell. 2006. Diet- induced differences in the essential fatty acid (EFA) compositions of larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with reference to possible effects of dietary EFAs on larval performance. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 63: 302e310 (2006) doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.11.002
Source: G.C. Burdge (2006) Metabolism of α-linolenic acid in humans. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 75:161–168.
Source: G.C. Burdge (2006) Metabolism
in humans. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 75:161–168.
Review
Chain Omega-3 Oils– An Update on Sustainable Sources by Peter D. Nichols, James Petrie and Surinder Singh Nutrients 2010, 2, 572-585; doi:10.3390/nu2060572
Source: R.C. Block, W.S. Harris and J.V. Pottala 2008. Determinants of Blood Cell Omega-3 Fatty Acid Content. The Open Biomarkers Journal, 2008, 1, 1-6
Source: Sala-Vila A, Harris WS, Cofán M, Pérez-Heras AM, Pintó X, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Covas MI, Estruch R, Ros E. 2011. Determinants
The Omega-3 index
Source: A. Leaf, J.X. Kang, Y.-F. Xiao, G.E. Billman, and R.A. Voskuyl, 1999. Experimental studies on antiarrhythmic and antiseizure effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in excitable tissues.
Source: C. Robin Hiley. 2009. Endocannabinoids and the Heart. J Cardiovasc
; 53(4): 267–276. doi:10.1097/FJC.0b013e318192671d.
Endocannabinoids relax coronary and other arteries and decrease cardiac work, but seem not to be involved in tonic regulation of cardiovascular
example, in myocardial infarction and circulatory shock. Endocannabinoids are largely protective; they decrease tissue damage and arrhythmia in myocardial infarction, may reduce progression of atherosclerosis (CB2 receptor stimulation inhibits lesion progression), and FAAH knockout mice (which have enhanced endocannabinoid levels) show decreased cardiac dysfunction with age compared to wild-types. However, endocannabinoids may mediate doxorubicin-induced cardiac
lead to changed expression of a variety of genes, including those involved in inflammatory responses. There is potential for therapeutic targeting of endocannabinoids and their receptors, but their apparent involvement in both protective and deleterious actions on the heart mean that careful risk assessment is needed before any treatment can be introduced
Percentages of individual fatty acids in the diet and breast milk of the lactating women and corresponding daily amounts ingested or secreted per day1
Source: Del Prado M, et al., 2001. Contribution of dietary and newly formed arachidonic acid to human milk lipids in women eating a low-fat diet. Am J Clin Nutr. Aug;74(2):242-7.
Source: E.C. Tsai, J.A. Brown, M.Y. Veldee, G. J. Anderson, A.Chait and J.D. Brunzell 2003. Potential of essential fatty acid deficiency with extremely low fat diet in lipoprotein lipase deficiency during pregnancy: A case report. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2004, 4:27 (1-9) doi:10.1186/1471-2393-4-27; http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/4/27
Source:
Essential Fatty Acid Transfer and Fetal Development Placenta (2005), Vol. 26, Supplement A, Trophoblast Research,
doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2 005.01.005
Source: Agostoni C, Marangoni F, Stival G, Gatelli I, Pinto F, Risé P, Giovannini M, Galli C, Riva E. 2008. Whole blood fatty acid composition differs in term versus mildly preterm infants: small versus matched appropriate for gestational age. Pediatr
whole blood fatty acid (FA) profile of term and preterm
with restricted intrauterine growth with the same GA±0.5 wk, small for gestational age (SGA) - appropriate for gestational age (AGA)
Whole blood fatty acid (FA) profile of term and preterm
Source: Lotte Lauritzen and Susan E. Carlson 2011. Maternal fatty acid status during pregnancy and lactation and relation to newborn and infant