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Fathers of Neoliberalism: The Academic and Professional Performance - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Fathers of Neoliberalism: The Academic and Professional Performance of the Chicago School, 1960-1985 Lasse Folke Henriksen Leonard Seabrooke Kevin L Young Copenhagen Business Copenhagen Business University of School School Massachusetts


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Fathers of Neoliberalism:

The Academic and Professional Performance of the Chicago School, 1960-1985

Lasse Folke Henriksen Leonard Seabrooke Kevin L Young Copenhagen Business School Copenhagen Business School University of Massachusetts Amherst

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Motivation

  • The ‘Neoliberal Ascent’

– From a minority tribe within the economics profession, to significant world-historic dominance

  • Whether How did Neoliberalism ascend?
  • We look at professional practices/performance of economists,

1950-1985

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Our starting points:

  • NLs had to replace an existing ideology
  • The battle over the dominant economic paradigm had to be

struggled for

  • This struggle took many forms, and was multi-faceted; one crucial

stage of the process was within a profession: economics.

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What was going on in the Economics Profession is Critical

  • Ideas that key actors used (e.g. NL politicians, think tanks,

NL activists, business associations used as part of the NL transition, etc.)….

  • Had to have popularity
  • Had to have scientific authority
  • Had to have a cadre of experts that could be utilized, take
  • n different roles, etc.
  • To sustain NL ideology, you need an army of

adherents…professional economists are absolutely critical

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Our Approach

  • Examine economists’ level of performance and career paths.
  • Did NLs ‘outperform’ their non-NL peers?

– More publications? – More grants? – More government positions?

  • This performance crosses generations…
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Analytical Setup

  • Find descendants of ‘Neoliberal Fathers’
  • Establish attributes of professional standing

– E.g. Citations, external funding, placement etc.

  • But, we need a comparison group…[equivalent chances of reproductive

success…]

– Find the ‘matched peers’ of Neoliberal Fathers, and find their descendants

  • Compare the professional ‘performance’ of the two groups
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Neoliberal Fathers

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Charles River Fathers

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Figure 1: Milton Friedman’s Genealogical Forward Path in the RepEc Network

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Finding Lineages

  • 26 Fathers à 566 Children (PhD students who graduated prior to 1980)
  • A wide variety of sources:
  • RepEc Genealogy
  • Mathematics Genealogy
  • Festschrifts
  • Obituaries
  • Oral histories
  • Archives (Hoover, JFK Memorial, Harvard U, MIT thesis archive)
  • Contacted cohorts of students, econ departments
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Figure 2. Number of students sampled per father and the number of reproductive years

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Figure 3. Number of PhDs graduated and years of graduation

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Figure 4. Mean cites per article for schools of thought and departments

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Figure 5. Selected in-group citation measures for the two schools of thought

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Figure 6. Proportion of published articles flagging funding.

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Figure 7. Funding sources.

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50 100 150

Chicago Harvard MIT

NSF Funding ($ thousands)

Figure 8: NSF Mean Grant Funding to Economists (in $ 1000), early 1970s-1985

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50 100 150 1970s early 1980s 1970s early 1980s 1970s early 1980s

Chicago Harvard MIT

NSF Funding ($ thousands)

Figure 9: NSF Funding to Departments in the 1970s and early 1980s

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Figure 11: Careers Paths from Universities to Sector

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Figure 12: Careers Paths from Universities to Non-Academic Sectors

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Figure 13: Careers Paths from Universities to Government Agencies

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Figure 14: Careers Paths from Universities to Prestige of Employing Academic Institution

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Figure 15: Network of Journal Acknowledgement Ties NL group in Blue and Charles River in Pink.

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Figure 16: Transitivity and Reciprocity in Economists’ Acknowledgement Networks

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Conclusions

  • The NL Ascent has an important professional

performance angle

– We Compared a Neoliberal group (‘fathers’ and ‘children’) to the Charles River group, for differences in:

  • Historic citations
  • External funding
  • Career paths
  • In-group cohesion
  • Social norms of reciprocity and ‘insurgent solidarity’

played an important role in the neoliberal ascent

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Thanks for your attention.

Comments and critiques most welcome.

keviny@umass.edu

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Figure 10: Sector Distribution by University Over Time

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Figure A1: Studies of Economics Department Prestige and Graduate Training Included in our Data and Their Timelines

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1 2 3 4 5 per capita std. articles 50 100 150 200 total std articles 50 100 150 rank

Figure A2: Distribution of Prestige Among 152 US Economics Departments

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Harvard Chicago Wisconsin Columbia California Stanford Yale Michigan John Hopkins MIT Princeton Berkeley UCLA Northwestern Minnesota Cornell Federal Reserve System Pennsylvania Vanderbilt Illinois Duke IMF CIT Purdue Michigan State Carnegie Tech NYU Texas Iowa State Brookings Pittsburgh U Virginia Syracuse New School Claremont LSE Penn State Brown Oxford Cambridge Washington St Louis Ohio State American Rochester

10 20 30 40 50 rank_1950s .2 .4 .6 .8 1 avgrank_1950s

Harvard Chicago MIT Berkeley Yale Stanford Princeton Carnegie Tech Wisconsin Columbia Minnesota Michigan John Hopkins UCLA Pennsylvania Northwestern Brown Rochester Duke Michigan State Purdue Penn State Claremont Cornell Vanderbilt U Virginia Illinois Federal Reserve System California NYU Texas Pittsburgh Washington St Louis Syracuse New School Iowa State Ohio State American CIT Brookings Oxford Cambridge IMF LSE

10 20 30 40 50 rank_1960s .2 .4 .6 .8 1 avgrank_1960s

Harvard Chicago MIT Princeton Wisconsin Stanford Yale Brown Pennsylvania Northwestern Rochester Carnegie Berkeley Minnesota Washington-Sttle Columbia UCLA Michigan North Carolina Cornell Purdue Johns Hopkins VPI Maryland Texas A&M Illinois Michigan State Rice NYU Virginia Indiana Duke Kansas Penn State SUNY-Buffalo UCSD Ohio State Vanderbilt Florida Massachusetts UCSB Florida State Washington-St.L. Iowa Rutgers Hawaii Southern Methodist Iowa State Wesleyan Claremont

10 20 30 40 50 ranker_early1970s .2 .4 .6 .8 1 avgrank_early1970s

Chicago MIT Rochester Carnegie Harvard Princeton Yale Columbia Stanford UCLA Minnesota Pennsylvania Northwestern Berkeley Cal Tech Washington-St.L. Brown Wisconsin Tulane Florida Massachusetts N.C. State North Carolina NYU Cornell Washington-Sttle Johns Hopkins Texas A&M Indiana Penn State Florida State Illinois VPI Iowa Ohio State Maryland Colorado-Boulder UCSB Michigan UCSD Virginia CUNY Missouri Rutgers UC Davis Duke Vanderbilt George Washington Hawaii Iowa State

10 20 30 40 50 ranker_late1970s .2 .4 .6 .8 1 avgrank_late1970s

Figure A3: Averaged Standardized Department Standing of 50 US Econ departments, 1950s-late 1970s

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Figure A4: Pearson Correlation Matrix for Different Indicators of Economics Department Prestige and Graduate Training Caliber, for early 1970s period

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Figure A5: Scatterplot of Departmental Prowess during the Early 1970s Period, with 3 K-clustered Areas

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Figure A7. Hierarchical Clustering of US Economics Departments, Early 1970s

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Figure A7. Hierarchical Clustering of US Economics Departments, Early 1970s

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igure B1. Number of staff and PhD graduates at Harvard, MIT and Chicago

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Chicago Harvard MIT Figure B2: Publication Venues 1960-1980, Represented as Frequency-Scaled Wordclouds MIT