Exploring Advice Seeking Behavior: Findings from the 2011 Taiwan Survey of Justiciable Problems Kong ‐ Pin Chen Kuo ‐ Chang Huang Ya ‐ Ling Huang Hung ‐ pin Lai Chang ‐ Ching Lin 1
Outline: 1. Overview 2. Three Strategies for Resolving Troubles 3. Determinants of Resolution Strategies 4. Outcomes of Resolution Strategies 5. Patterns in the Use of Advisers 2
1. Overview *All problems reported: 3240, being damaged: 2917, excluding score<=10 � the number of observations used in this analysis= 2250. (Numbers are all weighted counts) 3
2. Three Strategies for Resolving Troubles N % Japan England and Netherlands Wales Lumpers a 151 6.7% 16.3% 5.0% 9.6% 1372 61.0% 55.0% 35.0% 46.3% Self ‐ helpers b Advice ‐ seekers c 726 32.3% 28.6% 60.0% 44.1% Total 2250 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Note: the definition of each strategy can be found in Appendix 2.1. Main Findings � Strategy distribution is similar to that in Japan. � More Self ‐ helpers than the other countries. � 96.3% of self ‐ helpers asked friends, colleagues or other acquaintances for advice � 46.0% of self ‐ helpers read books or searched online for solutions. � 30.2% of self ‐ helpers only asked friends, colleagues or other acquaintances for advice. � 3.1% of self ‐ helpers only read book or searched online. 4
Table 2A Cross ‐ country comparison (Lumper) Main Finding: Taiwanese seem to have difficulty on handling neighbor problems (also see Table A2 ‐ C in Appendix). Only 25% of respondents will ask the third party for advice or help when their neighbors make noise at night. Lumper Taiwan Japan Netherlands England and Wales Socio ‐ Econ Family Income( ‐ ) Family Income( ‐ ) Family Income: inv U ‐ shape Male(+) Demographic Rural( ‐ ) Married( ‐ ) White(+) Background Education( ‐ ,ns) Employed(+) Problem Type Neighbors(+) Neighbors( ‐ ) Accident( ‐ ) Accident( ‐ ) Accident(+) Rent/Lease ( ‐ ) Employment(+) Rent/Lease ( ‐ ) Money( ‐ ) Loan/Credit ( ‐ ) Family( ‐ ) Land/House( ‐ ) Mental Health(+)* Insurance ( ‐ ) IT(+)* Police Treatment(+)* Government(+) Hospital(+)* Clinical Negligence(+)* * Not included in our problem types; (+)/( ‐ ): significantly positive (negative) effects on the probability to be a lumper, at 5% level. 5
Table 2B Cross ‐ country comparison (Advice ‐ Seeker) Main Finding: (also see Table A2 ‐ C in Appendix) (1) Respondents encountered with family and accident problems tend to seek for advice. (2) It is very likely to ask escrow administrators (24.1% of the respondents who seek for advice for land/house problems)/ lawyers (19.0%) to deal with land/house –related problems. Advice ‐ Seeker Taiwan Japan Netherlands England and Wales Socio ‐ Econ Age (+) Family Income: U ‐ shape Demographic Unemployed (+) Married(+) Employed ( ‐ ) Background Urbanization( ‐ ) Education( ‐ ) Problem Type Land/House (+) Land/House ( ‐ ) Land/House (+) Family(+) Family(+) Family(+) Accident(+) Accident(+) Accident(+) Faulty Goods or Services( ‐ ) Faulty Goods or Services( ‐ ) Loan/Credit( ‐ ) Employment( ‐ ) Government( ‐ ) Hospital( ‐ )* IT( ‐ )* * Not included in our problem types; (+)/( ‐ ): significantly positive (negative) effects on the probability to be an advice ‐ seeker, at 5% level. 6
3. Determinants of Resolution Strategies � Method: Multinomial logistic regression. � Base Strategies: Self ‐ helpers (vs Lumpers / Advice ‐ seekers). � Dependent Variables: Socio ‐ economic and demographic background, problem type, score for seriousness, monetary value of loss, and opponent type. � Main Findings and Discussion: (see Table A3 ‐ A(2) in Appendix) (1) Respondents with higher family income are less likely to be lumpers. (2) Respondents who live in underdeveloped and rural areas are less likely to be lumpers. But those who live in new developing cities are less likely to be advice ‐ seekers. (b/c less advice providers in these areas than in downtowns). (3) Respondents are less likely to be advice ‐ seekers when they face employment, loan/credit, good/service and insurance problems, perhaps due to standard processes for these issues. 7
Determinants of Resolution Strategies (Page2) � Main Findings and Discussion: (Continued, also see Table A3 ‐ A(2) in Appendix) (4) More interestingly, respondents with neighbor problems are more likely to be lumpers or advice ‐ seekers (Good or Service as Reference). To deal with such long ‐ term relationships with neighbors, Taiwanese tend to take no action until problems become very serious. (5) ‐ (6) Robustness: level of legal knowledge (see Table A4 ‐ C2 in Appendix) (5) Respondents with higher level of legal knowledge are less likely to be lumpers. (6) Respondents with lower level of legal knowledge are more likely to seek for advice. However, those without legal knowledge may not be aware of their legal rights and, therefore, less likely to be advice seekers. 8
� Main Findings and Discussion (continued.) (7) ‐ (9) Robustness: controlling for the gravity of problem (see Table A3 ‐ A(1) and (2) in Appendix) (7) Score for seriousness and amount at skates have positive effects on the probability of advice ‐ seeking. Also, the likelihood of being a lumper decreases when the loss amount increases. (8) Adding the measures of gravity of problem into regression can increase the explanatory power; However, it does not change the main results. From a structure model, score of seriousness appears exogenous to the strategy decision. (9) Differences between the results from the regressions with and without controlling for the gravity of problem: � Respondents with family problems are less likely to be lumpers (at 10% significance level). � Respondents with work ‐ related issues are more likely to be advise ‐ seekers (at 5% significance level) Together with the results in Table A3 ‐ A(2) in Appendix, our results imply that serious family (employment) problems will lead to action ‐ taking (advice ‐ seeking). 9
4. Outcomes of Resolution Strategies � 149 Lumpers (6.7% of total cases), by definition, do not achieve any results. � There are 708 cases (32.0%) in which respondents involved do take some actions but not settled yet ; and 646 cases (29.2%) in which respondents involved do take some actions but without leading to any results . � 708 cases (32.0%) in which respondents involved do take some actions and lead to some results . ‐‐‐ In 602 out of 708 cases, a form of agreement was reached between parties. ‐‐‐ 106 out of 708 cases were processed through litigation . Main Finding: � Advice ‐ seekers are more likely to reach agreement or to resolve problems through litigation, but self ‐ helpers have more chance to “put up with it”. (Netherlands: Self ‐ helpers are more likely to reach agreement.) Reach Through Not Put up Do nothing Total agreement litigation settle with it Pending put up (%)* yet with it (N)** Lumper 47.35 52.65 149 Self ‐ helper 24.63 ‐ 1.72 ‐ 36.47+ 37.18+ 1353 Advice ‐ seeker 37.99+ 11.7+ 30.2 ‐ 20.11 ‐ 709 Total 27.26 4.80 32.01 29.21 3.18 3.54 2210 * +/ ‐ indicates that the relevant percentage at the 5% level is significantly higher/lower than the average of the two groups. ** 40 observations did not answer a definable resolution are excluded here 10
4.1 Outcomes by Problem Types Main Findings: (see Table 4A) � Outcomes are significantly related to problem types. � 32.01% of “the latest problems” are not settled yet. The “long ‐ run” problems, such as Family, Neighbor, and Loan/Credit, seem less likely to be settled. � 27.26% of the cases reach agreements. In the problems related to accidents (government), agreement with counter party is reached relatively often (rare). � Only 4.80% of the cases are adjudicated by official proceedings. Some problem types, including Land/House, Family, and Accident are relatively often. In contrast, problems with neighbors, or related to the purchases of faulty goods and services are not pursued relatively often. � 29.2% of the cases are finalized, but without leading to any results. The following problem types are most likely to lead to no result: Employment—41.7%, Goods/Services – 47.0%, Government—50.2%, Private Insurance –52.4%. 11
� Table 4A: Outcomes by Problem Types Reach Through Not settled Put up Do nothing Total agreement litigation yet with it and and put up (N)** (%) pending with it Goods/Services 29.1 1.3 ‐ 15.3 ‐ 47+ 0.9 ‐ 6.5+ 332 Land/House 26.5 16.1+ 29.0 26.9 0.0 1.5 70 Rent/Lease 33.0 4.9 18.6 ‐ 40.4 1.1 2.1 83 Family/Relative 13.7 ‐ 16.6+ 55.5+ 13.6 ‐ 0.0 0.7 99 Employment 17.9 ‐ 2.5 33.1 41.7+ 2.1 2.8 247 Accident 59+ 6.9+ 11.8 ‐ 16.4 ‐ 1 ‐ 5.0 502 Neighbor 13.2 ‐ 2.4 ‐ 54+ 19.9 ‐ 9.3+ 1.2 ‐ 473 Loan/Credit 17.6 ‐ 3.0 64.8+ 11.2 ‐ 2.1 1.4 119 Private Insurance 10.3 ‐ 5.2 32.1 52.4+ 0.0 0.0 38 Government 6.5 ‐ 2.2 30.9 50.2+ 4.5 5.6 203 Others 13.1 ‐ 18.7+ 39.7 20.8 1.5 6.2 44 Total 27.3 4.8 32.0 29.2 3.2 3.5 2210 * +/ ‐ indicates that the percentage is significantly higher or lower than the average of the column. According to the Chi ‐ square test there is at the 5% level a significant correlation between the way in which the problem ended and the problem type. � **40 observations did not answer a definable resolution are excluded here 12
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