Examples 1. Plug-in Hybrid Cars 2. Light weighting Conventional ICE - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Examples 1. Plug-in Hybrid Cars 2. Light weighting Conventional ICE - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 28, 2023 147 likes •416 views

LCA/LCI Examples 2.83/2.813 Manufacturing End of Life Mining Use Phase T. Gutowski Examples 1. Plug-in Hybrid Cars 2. Light weighting Conventional ICE 3. Alternative PV Technologies 4. Paper Vs Plastics 5. Paper Vs Silicon 6. Travel Vs

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LCA/LCI Examples

2.83/2.813

Mining Manufacturing Use Phase End of Life

  • T. Gutowski
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Examples

  • 1. Plug-in Hybrid Cars
  • 2. Light weighting Conventional ICE
  • 3. Alternative PV Technologies
  • 4. Paper Vs Plastics
  • 5. Paper Vs Silicon
  • 6. Travel Vs Teleconferencing
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Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles: Implications for Policy Constantine Samaras, and Kyle Meisterling

  • Environ. Sci. Technol., 2008, 42 (9), 3170-3176
  • DOI: 10.1021/es702178s • Publication Date (Web): 05 April 2008

Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on January 21, 2009

Conventional Vehicle Hybrid Electric Vehicle

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http://www.hybridcars.com/plug-in-hybrid-cars Accessed Feb 27, 2011

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GM VOLT plug-in hybrid

On-line Quote Feb 26, 2011

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Samaras, and Meisterling, 2008

GM Volt

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Samaras, and Meisterling, 2008

Toyota plug-in hybrid concept car

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“Eco-Audit”

Eco - Audit: Light weight ICE Vehicle

Ashby 2009

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Light-weighting ICE

Ashby 2009

8.67

  • 6.10

2.57 Savings of About 30%

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Vehicle Wt Vs MJ/km

Ashby 2009

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Samaras, and Meisterling, 2008

GM Volt Light weight Vehicle ~189 CO2 eq/km

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Alternative PV Technologies

Fthenakis,ES&T 2008 US grid EU grid Si grid

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Fthenakis,ES&T 2008

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Fthenakis, ES&T 2008

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Where do the heavy metals come from?

Fthenakis, ES&T 2008

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Energy Payback

Time to breakeven = tB = Em/e Energy Return on Energy Investment = EROI = etL/Em

Em e t = 0 1 2 3 4 5… tL

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Paper or Plastic?

Graedel 1995

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Paper or Silicon?

Toffel, M.W., and A. Horvath. Environmental implications

  • f wireless technologies:

News delivery and business meetings. Environmental Science & Technology 38(2004):2961-2970.

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Reading the New York Times

  • weighs about 236 kg/

yr

  • about 2.6 people read

it

  • paper production
  • printing
  • delivery
  • half to land fill
  • half to recycle
  • PDA mfg?
  • Uses Williams result

12MB/32MB

  • energy usage
  • telecommunications

infrastructure

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Newspaper Vs PDA

  • New York Times
  • 270 kg CO2
  • 8730 liters H2O
  • 900 g NOx
  • 1,400 g SOx
  • PDA
  • 5 kg CO2
  • 232 liters H2O
  • 4 g NOx
  • 4 g SOx
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Travel Vs Cell phones

  • Berkeley – Chicago
  • auto, air, train
  • average not marginal

values

  • lodging excluded
  • mfg excluded
  • mfg included I/O for

$100 phone, 3 year life

  • includes infrastructure
  • 2 hour call
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Travel Vs Cell phones

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Substitutes and Compliments

  • Substitutes: replacement or elimination
  • Compliments: stimulation or generation
  • do emails substitute for letters (paper)?
  • do telecommunications substitute for

travel?

  • What were the first words of Alexander

Graham Bell over the telephone?

  • “Mr Watson, come here; I want you”

ref Mokhtarian (2002) JIE, 6, 2, 43-57

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Where do major impacts occur?

Life Cycle Analysis

1 2 3 4 5 6 mat'ls production manufacturing use phase end of life phase of life impact impact

Life Cycle Analysis

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 mat'ls production manufacturing use phase end of life phase of life impact impact

Life Cycle Analysis

1 2 3 4 5 6 mat'ls production manufacturing use phase end of life phase of life impact impact

Life Cycle Analysis

1 2 3 4 5 6 mat'ls production manufacturing use phase end of life phase of life impact impact

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LCI Examples

Life Stage Products with major impact in stage Extraction and Refining Paper Products: i.e. paper Vs plastics, paper Vs silicon… Mfg Microelectronics, Nano-technology Use Use fossil fuels, plug into grid End of Life Diapers, short life products

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LCA Summary

  • 1. Uses of LCA
  • Comparing, improving, EROI, alternative scenarios
  • 2. New Developments of LCA
  • International I/O, physical units, ELSA,

“Attributional” vs “Consequencal”

  • 3. Limits to LCA
  • Accuracy, boundaries, perspective