Evaluation of measures for air pollution abatement in Pamplona, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Evaluation of measures for air pollution abatement in Pamplona, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Evaluation of measures for air pollution abatement in Pamplona, Spain Fernando Martn, Jos Luis Santiago, Roco Alonso, Yolanda Lechn, Esther Rivas CIEMAT, Spain David Elustondo, Jess Santamara University of Navarra, Spain TFIAM

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Evaluation of measures for air pollution abatement in Pamplona, Spain

Fernando Martín, José Luis Santiago, Rocío Alonso, Yolanda Lechón, Esther Rivas

CIEMAT, Spain

David Elustondo, Jesús Santamaría

University of Navarra, Spain

TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

Index

  • LIFE – RESPIRA project
  • Effect of urban vegetation on air quality.

– Experiments in streets and with vegetation barriers – CFD simulation (street, district and vegetation barriers) – External cost (health)

  • Effect of photocatalytic pavements on air quality:

– CFD simulation – External cost (health)

  • Effect of traffic rearrangements:

– CFD simulation – External cost (health)

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

LIFE-RESPIRA project

 2014-2017  Participants: Universidad de Navarra, CIEMAT, GANASA  General objective: Assessment of cyclists and pedestrians exposure to urban air pollution.  Some specific objectives:

  • High resolution modelling of urban air quality.
  • Quantifying and modelling the effect of urban vegetation on urban air quality.
  • Quantifying and modelling the effect of some air pollution abatement strategies in an urban area.
  • Quantifying health impacts.

200.000 inhabitants

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

Investigating effect of urban vegetation

  • Experiments in street canyons.

– Two streets. One with trees and other without trees. – Simulations with CFD model.

  • Experiments in roads crossing urban parks:

– Effect of trees – Effect of shurbs hedge in the sidewalk – Simulations with CFD model.

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

11,7m 6,8m 3,4m

Tafalla st

Effect of street trees on air pollution dispersion

San Fermín st

3,8m 6,5m 10m

Field campaigns Pamplona

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

Tafalla st, no trees

Effect of street trees on air pollution dispersion

San Fermín st, with trees

calm (76%) wind calm (42%) wind

  • 8%
  • 19%
  • 5%
  • 19%
  • 10%
  • 19%
  • 5%
  • 10%
  • 6%
  • 8%
  • 2%
  • 21%

a a b a a b a b c a b c a b b a a b

Trees reduce upward transport of vehicle emissions and increase air pollution within canopy 19 July- 2 August 2016, Field experiments

black carbon (ng/m3) black carbon (ng/m3)

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

Vegetation tunnel

Effect of street trees on air pollution dispersion

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Main objective:

Estimate effect of street vegetation on air quality taking into account two important aspects:

  • Dynamical effects (modifying air flows, turbulence and ventilation)
  • Removal effects (vegetation is a sink of air pollution by deposition).

Studied:  How do trees affect NOx distribution in an urban dictrict at pedestrian level?  What happen if trees are planted in the free-tree street?

Effect of street trees on air pollution dispersion Model simulations

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Effect of street trees on air pollution dispersion CFD simulations

NOx (LAD=0.5) – NOx(LAD=0.1) (µg m-3)

  • What happens if the foliage is more dense (increasing Leaf Area density, LAD)?
  • What happens if the deposition velocity of pollutants captured by trees increases?
  • Several high resolution CFD-street canyon modelling for a dominant wind direction

(NNW) and for several scenarios of deposition velocity and LAD

  • Aerodynamics (dispersion) effects seem to dominate over deposition effects.
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Scenario with new trees in Tafalla street Real case

Calle Tafalla

What happens if trees are planted in a tree-free street? High resolution CFD-street canyon modelling for a dominant wind direction (NNW)

Effect of street trees on air pollution. CFD simulations

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Effect of street trees on air pollution dispersion CFD simulations

Real case New vegetation scenario

NOx (RealCase) – NOx(NewVeg) (µg m-3) LAD=0.5 m-1; vdep= 1 cm/s

The inclusion of new trees in one street modifies significantly pollutant distribution not only in that street, but also in nearby streets. Global effects in pollutant concentration are small

What happens if trees are planted in a tree-free street? High resolution CFD-street canyon modelling for a dominant wind direction (NNW)

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

Concentration-response functions

WHO, 2013. Health risks of air pollution in Europe – HRAPIE project Recommendations for concentration–response functions for cost– benefit analysis of particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide

External Cost (health) of mitigation measures. Effect of street trees on air pollution dispersion

We were focused on NO2

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

Monetary values

Holland, M. Cost-benefit Analysis of Final Policy Scenarios for the EU Clean Air Package. Version 2. Corresponding to IIASA TSAP Report  11, Version 2a October 2014 Updated for inflation to 2015 prices Monetary value Unit Mortality 68,143.70 € Euro2015/life year lost Bronchitis in children 694.43 € Euro2015/case Respiratory hospital admissions 2,621.82 € Euro2015/case

External Cost (health) of mitigation measures. Effect of street trees on air pollution dispersion

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

What happens if trees are planted in a street without trees? High resolution CFD-street canyon modelling + concentration-response functions + monetary valuation

External Cost (health) of mitigation measures. Effect of street trees on air pollution dispersion

Group A* (pollutant-outcome effects for which enough data are available for a reliable quantification) Group B* (pollutant-outcome effects for which there is more uncertainty) effects are quantified.

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

  • Ave. Navarra

Experiments in streets crossing urban parks:

Effect of shurbs hedge in the sidewalk Black carbon

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

Effect of shurbs hedge in the sidewalk. Field Experiments

Black carbon

Avenida Navarra, deciduous (9/March/2017)

10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00

Road Distance Vegetation ng/m3

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

Black carbon Vegetal barriers are effective for reducing air pollutant exposure

Calm

(v<0.5 m/s)

  • 29%
  • 30%

b a b Road Distance Vegetation

27/June/2017 Road Distance Vegetation From road (SW)

Road Distance Vegetation

  • 26%
  • 37%

b a b

Parallel to road (NW/SE)

Road Distance Vegetation

  • 26%
  • 36%

b a b

  • 27%
  • 35%

ng/m3

b a b

Effect of shurbs hedge in the sidewalk. Field experiments

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

Effect of vegetation (shrubs/trees) barrier. CFD simulations

New York, USA 6-10 August 2018 18

Evaluation

Exp./CFD Wind direction BC Concentration Reduction Percentage Blue point Green point (P1) Exp. 0°±30º 20.0% 44.3% CFD 0° 26.5% 44.6% 45° 21.5% 46.1%

  • 45°

31.9% 45.1%

P2 P1 P3 NOVEGETATION BASE NEW_TREES NO_TREES

Hedgerow (He) Tree T Tree_small Ts Height (He_H) = 1 m Horizontal dimensions (T_hd) = 6 m x 3 m Horizontal dimensions (Ts_hd) = 2 m x 2m Width (He_W) = 0.8 m Base (T_b) = 2 m Base (Ts_b) = 2m LAD (He_LAD) = 4.29 m2 m-3 Top (T_t) = 10 m Top (Ts_t) = 4 m LAD (T_LAD) = 0.5 m2 m-3 LAD (T_LAD) = 0.5 m2 m-3

Actual vegetation barrier characteristics

Average reduction P3: 46% Average reduction P3: 61% Average reduction P3: 11%

b) c) d)

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018 New York, USA 6-10 August 2018

Hypothetical vegetation barrier scenarios:

19

Average reduction of taller-hedge + trees vs NO_VEGETATION below the tree base at P3 = 59% (16% for taller hedge and without trees) Average reduction of wider-hedge + trees vs NO_VEGETATION below the tree base at P3 = 65% (24% for wider hedge and without trees) Average reduction of taller-wider-hedge + trees vs NO_VEGETATION below the tree base at P3 = 66% (33% for wider hedge and without trees)

Effect of vegetation (shrubs/trees) barrier. CFD simulations

Taller hedge Wider hedge Taller and wider hedge

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

Effect of photocatalytic pavements. CFD simulations

2016 NO2 annual average concentration Assumptions:

  • Photocatalytic pavement (only sidewalks)

400m x 400m around Plaza de la Cruz square.

  • Always is photactive and deposition velocity

(applied to NO2) 0.5 cm/s (In real case, it happens only in daytime). Compared with base scenario without photocatalytic materials.

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

  • Relative differences of averaged

concentrations around 2% in the photocatalytic area.

  • However, model assumptions are
  • verestimating the photocatalytic

effect.

Effect of photocatalytic pavements. CFD simulations

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

Effect of photocatalytic pavements. External Cost (health)

1% 2%

Effect of photocatalytic pavements in sidewalks

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

Effect of traffic rearrangements. CFD simulations

2016 NO2 annual average concentration Scenarios (BASE+12new scenarios): Restriction zones (Z1 and Z2) 6 scenarios per zone, combination of:

  • Traffic inside restriction zone reduced to:
  • 0% (no traffic)
  • 20% (few traffic)
  • Traffic increases around restriction zone:
  • 0% (no traffic divertion),
  • 30% (some traffic divertion),
  • 60% (important traffic divertion)

Z1 Z2

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

Effect of traffic rearrangements. CFD simulations

∆(% ) = (Z2E0060 – BASE)/BASE*100 ∆(% ) = (Z2E0000 – BASE)/BASE*100 ∆(% ) = (Z2E2000 – BASE)/BASE*100 ∆(% ) = (Z2E2060 – BASE)/BASE*100

No traffic inside, strong traffic divertion No traffic inside, no traffic divertion Few traffic inside, strong traffic divertion Few traffic inside, no traffic divertion

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

Effect of traffic rearrangements. External costs

  • 22%
  • 58%

+5% +4%

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TFIAM Workshop on local measures to improve air quality and health, Tallinn, 28-29 June 2018

Conclusions

  • Trees reduce dispersion of traffic emissions in streets and increase air

pollution within canopy

  • Aerodynamics (dispersion) effects seem to dominate over deposition

effects.

  • The inclusion of new trees in one street modifies the distribution of

pollutant, not only in that street, but also in nearby locations, but total effects in pollutant concentration and health cost savings are small DO NOT BLAME THE TREES! Traffic has to be removed from streets!

  • Vegetal barriers are effective for reducing air pollutant exposure,

especially when combined hedges and trees forming wide barriers. VEGETAL BARRIERS CAN ISOLATE PEDESTRIANS FROM ROAD TRAFFIC!

  • Effect of photocatalytic pavements is negligible.
  • Redistribution of traffic in the city might produce important reductions in

air pollution and health impacts but only if there are no significant traffic divertion