ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE METHODS TO MITIGATE THE USE OF COAL IN - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE METHODS TO MITIGATE THE USE OF COAL IN THE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MIX . . Professor Rosemary Falcon and Dr Samson Bada DST-NRF SARChI Clean Coal Technology Research group University of the Witwatersrand 1

CONTENTS 1. STRATEGIC CONTEXT OF COAL 2. CHALLENGES TO THE USE OF COAL 3. OPTIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE USE OF COAL 4. CASE STUDIES IN SOUTH AFRICA 5. COMPARATIVE COSTS AND EMISSIONS 6. CONCLUSIONS 2

1. GLOBAL AND NATIONAL STRATEGIC CONTEXT OF COAL GLOBAL CONTEXT NATIONAL CONTEXT CFBC Project aligns with NDP’s addresses the UN’S 3 Phases of SDGs for a low Innovation carbon economy DST CONTEXT REGIONAL CONTEXT aligns with the DST’s aligns with projects Programme 2 in Botswana, + Programme 3 Zimbabwe and + Programme 4 Mozambique TECHNOLOGICAL CONTEXT SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT Modern Coal Developments Modern Coal Developments provide • • Cleaner utilisation technologies Will improve environmental, • Have numerous benefits over old economic and social benefits and • Are commercially proven abroad quality of life for people • • Can be applied to RSA coals and will create a high level skills and expertise required for the technology alternative fuels 3

1. NATIONAL CONTEXT OF COAL – 1 – IRP 2010 2010 2030 Hydro carbons 57% Hydrocarbons 86% The size and mix of the South African power generation capacity pie – 2010 to 2030 Ref: POLICY ADJUSTED IRP 2010 4

1. NATIONAL CONTEXT OF COAL – 2 – IRP 2010 LOW CARBON ECONOMY IN SA - 1 IRP2010 - SA’S Integrated Resource Plan 2010 The Role of Coal going forward.... Exports 64.0 Mt The role of coal (% in mix) Discards Electricity 51.8 Mt 120.8 Mt 5 86%.......57%

1. NATIONAL CONTEXT OF COAL – 3 – IRP 2010 LOW CARBON ECONOMY IN SA - 2 IRP2010 - SA’S Integrated Resource Plan 2010 The Role of Coal going forward.... The role of coal (MW) 86%.................57 6 %

1. ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF COAL – 4 South Africa is the  7th largest producer of coal in the world  7th largest exporter of coal  Major supplier to the Middle East, India and Far East, with some to EU and Africa Coal in SA accounts for  Highest foreign exchange earnings in the country each year from 2011 (R50 Billion in 2017)  Total coal sales local and export generated R120 billion 2017 .  Largest mining income earner , beating gold, platinum, diamonds  >91% of SA energy production , 81% of the regions’ energy  >100% of carbon reductants in the metallurgical industry  >33% of liquid fuel s - petrol, diesel and other requirements  >200 major chemicals for 1000s of carbon-based products Socio-economic factors related to coal  Over 255 000 direct employees in coal mining, power generation, Sasol, metallurgical and over 6 000 coal-fired manufacturing industries. More than 4 times employed in related service industries or are 7 dependents. Supports most major towns in Mpumalanga and Limpopo, and some in KwaZulu Natal

CONTENTS 1. STRATEGIC CONTEXT OF COAL 2. CHALLENGES TO THE USE OF COAL 3. OPTIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE USE OF COAL 4. CASE STUDIES IN SOUTH AFRICA 5. COMPARATIVE COSTS AND EMISSIONS 6. CONCLUSIONS 8

CO 2 EMIS CO ISSI SIONS FROM SO SOUTH AFRICA Million tons CO 2 0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 China USA Russia India Japan Germany Canada UK Iran Korea SA is responsible for 1.1% of total global CO 2 emissions, Italy but South Africa has committed to reducing its emissions by 35% and 42% within the next 8 years (2025) Mexico Australia Saudi Arabia Indonesia France Brazil South Africa Spain Ukraine 9 Source IEA - Top 20 CO 2 Country emitters, 2008

MULTIPLE TYPES OF COAL- FIRED BOILERS 14 ESKOM POWER STATIONS for power generation – pulverised coal. 6 000 INDUSTRIAL BOILERS for heat and power - Travelling grate, Shell, Water tube, Fluidised bed, Kilns, etc. 10

CO 2 EMISSIONS IN SA Total of Point Source Emissions of CO 2 >1 Mt/A Plant 313 Mt/a CO 2 concentration Mt CO 2 /a Coal to Liquids 85% 21,7 Power Generation 8-12% 224,6 Other industries 8-30% 31,8 11

2. CHALLENGES TO THE USE OF COAL IN SOUTH AFRICA FOR ELECRICITY PRODUCTION - 1 AIR QUALITY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ➢ At the 2009 UN Climate Change talks, South Africa undertook to reduce the country’s CO 2 emissions trajectory by 34% by 2020, and 42% by 2025, subject to adequate financial and technical support. ➢ Challenges to meet this level of reduction: ➢ High relative costs of abatement (technology +/-equal to new boilers) ➢ Considerable water requirements ➢ South Africa has little or no suitable geology to store CO 2 - less that 1,5% on land; in excess of 1 000 kms to transport CO 2 the nearest off- shore gas fields. ➢ South Africa plans to introduce Carbon Tax in 2018 to ensure compliance in CO 2 reduction, with the following further challenges: ➢ Carbon Tax may lead to the demise of many major, minor and potential industrial developments in the country 12

CONTENTS 1. STRATEGIC CONTEXT OF COAL 2. CHALLENGES TO THE USE OF COAL 3. OPTIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE USE OF COAL 4. CASE STUDIES IN SOUTH AFRICA 5. COMPARATIVE COSTS AND EMISSIONS 6. CONCLUSIONS 13

HIGH EFFICIENCY AND LOW EMISSIONS HELE PROGRAMME Efficiency gains using today’s technology can cut CO 2 emissions by 33% CCS technology can produce 50% loss but leads to efficiency loss of 7-12% points 14 Source IEA CCC

METHODS TO MITIGATE CO 2 – 1 1. INCREASED EFFICIENCY of coal combustion 2. CO-FIRING (burning coal with Carbon-neutral renewables - biomass) 3. CO-GENERATION (use of unused excess heat for additional power) 4. CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE (CCS) 5. CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILISATION OF CO 2 (CCU) 15

METHODS TO MITIGATE CO 2 – 2 1. INCREASED EFFICIENCY OF COAL COMBUSTION through: (i) BENEFICIATION AND USE OF HIGHER GRADE COALS Coal Mines do beneficiate in South Africa ( beneficiated products for export ) Less coal per unit heat produced = less CO 2 per unit coal produced (ii) ADAPTATION OF BOILER PLANT TO MATCH THE GRADES OF COAL/VV Subcritical Pulverised Coal PC boilers e.g. Lethabo, Duvha, etc (iii) ADVANCED HIGHER PRESSURE - HIGH TEMPERATURE PLANT ➢ Supercritical PC Boilers – None in SA ➢ Ultra Supercritical Boilers – None in SA ➢ Advanced Supercritical Boilers – Medupi and Kusile PSs ➢ Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle - None in SA, only demonstration abroad ➢ Use of Fluidised bed power generating technologies - None in SA 2. CO-FIRING* Burning Carbon-neutral renewables (biomass) with coal in Pulverised and Fluidised Bed power generating technologies 16 * Case studies in South Africa to follow

METHODS TO MITIGATE CO 2 – 3 3. CO-GENERATION Use of excess heat from existing processes to supplement power production . Implementation is on-going in South Africa 4. CA RBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE (CCS) Numerous capture mechanisms and storage sites are under review South Africa has limited to negligible on land geological storage capacity 5. CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILISATION OF CO 2 (CCU) Use of CO2 streams / flue gases from coal-fired stacks for: • Enhanced oil, natural gas and mine methane recovery • Manufacture of advanced carbon materials e.g. carbon nanotube manufacture, • Heating and advanced power generation Research is on-going in South Africa 17

CONTENTS 1. STRATEGIC CONTECT OF COAL 2. CHALLENGES TO THE USE OF COAL 3. OPTIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE USE OF COAL 4. CASE STUDIES IN SOUTH AFRICA 4.1 - TECHNOLOGY – CIRCULATING FLUIDISED BED COMBUSTION (CFBC) 4.2 - FEEDSTOCK – COAL CO-FIRED WITH BIOMASS 5. COMPARATIVE COSTS AND EMISSIONS 6. CONCLUSIONS 18

4.1 – TECHNOLOGY: FLUIDISED BED (FB) BOILER TECHNOLOGY Size of FB power plants: ➢ Bubbling Fluidised bed (BFB) boilers – <60 MWe ➢ Circulating Fluidised bed (CFB) boilers – 60-550 MWe ❖ CFB is the preferred technology for larger scale power production. ❖ CFBC is highly successful internationally - EU, USA, India, China and many Far Eastern countries. ❖ CFBC is considered to be one of the most sustainable Clean Coal Technology solutions for the following reasons: ❖ Most efficient method to address escalating environmental constraints ❖ Tolerates wide fuel flexibility and quality variation 19

Pulverised coal (PC) technology versus Circulating Fluidised Bed technology PC 20

EXPANSION OF CFBC TECHNOLOGY STATUS WORLDWIDE CFB Technology Evolution MWe 800 World CFB Market 700 st Ul Orders Over 2005-2014 Period 1 st Ultr tra Supe upercrit itic ical l CFB FB 600 4 x 550 MW MWe Amec FW Others Longest Run Lo unnin ing Samcheok 500 Supe upercrit itic ical l CFB FB 30% Lagisza 46% 1 x 460 MWe 54% 400 70% Lo Longest Run unnin ing Largest Petcoke CFB Lar FB 300 JEA 2 x 300 MW MWe All CFB CFB over 200 MW Turow 1 200 Tri State Nova Scotia 100 Oriental Chem Vaskalouden Pilot Plant General Motors 0 1979 1981 1984 1986 1987 1990 1993 1998 2001 2009 2015 Uni nit St Start-up Yea ear Ref: R Giglio, Amec FW, PCC 2016 100s of of CFBC in install llatio ions in in OECD and NON-OECD countrie ies 21