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Environmental Policy Design for Technological Innovation and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Environmental Policy Design for Technological Innovation and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Environmental Policy Design for Technological Innovation and Economic Growth Nick Johnstone and Ivan Ha i OECD Environment Directorate (www.oecd.org/environment/innovation) Presentation at GGKP Conference, Mexico, Jan. 12 th -13 th ,
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Public ‘Environmental’ R&D as % of Total R&D
0.00% ¡ 1.00% ¡ 2.00% ¡ 3.00% ¡ 4.00% ¡ 5.00% ¡ 6.00% ¡ 1981 ¡ 1982 ¡ 1983 ¡ 1984 ¡ 1985 ¡ 1986 ¡ 1987 ¡ 1988 ¡ 1989 ¡ 1990 ¡ 1991 ¡ 1992 ¡ 1993 ¡ 1994 ¡ 1995 ¡ 1996 ¡ 1997 ¡ 1998 ¡ 1999 ¡ 2000 ¡ 2001 ¡ 2002 ¡ 2003 ¡ 2004 ¡ 2005 ¡ 2006 ¡ 2007 ¡ 2008 ¡ 2009 ¡ Canada ¡ France ¡ Germany ¡ Italy ¡ Japan ¡ Netherlands ¡ Sweden ¡ United ¡Kingdom ¡ United ¡States ¡
Source: OECD.Stat “Government budget appropriations or outlays for RD”
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Environment-Related Patents in OECD Countries
(Number of patent applications - claimed priorities, worldwide)
Source: OECD, Invention and Transfer of Environmental Technologies (2011) www.oecd.org/environment/innovation
0 ¡ 20000 ¡ 40000 ¡ 60000 ¡ 80000 ¡ 100000 ¡ 120000 ¡ 140000 ¡ 160000 ¡ 0 ¡ 200 ¡ 400 ¡ 600 ¡ 800 ¡ 1000 ¡ 1200 ¡ 1400 ¡ Air ¡polluJon ¡abatement ¡(from ¡ staJonary ¡sources) ¡ Water ¡polluJon ¡abatement ¡ Waste ¡management ¡ Total ¡(right-‑axis) ¡
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Climate Change Mitigation Technologies
(Number of patent applications - claimed priorities, worldwide)
Source: Haščič, I. et al. (2010), “Climate Policy and Technological Innovation and Transfer: An Overview of Trends and Recent Empirical Results”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 30 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5km33bnggcd0-en
0 ¡ 1 ¡ 2 ¡ 3 ¡ 4 ¡ 5 ¡ 6 ¡ 7 ¡ 8 ¡ 9 ¡ 10 ¡ 11 ¡ 12 ¡ 13 ¡ PatenJng ¡acJvity ¡in ¡Kyoto ¡Protocol's ¡Annex ¡I ¡raJficaJon ¡countries ¡ (3-‑year ¡moving ¡average, ¡indexed ¡on ¡1990=1.0) ¡ Wind ¡power ¡ Fuel ¡cells ¡ Electric/hybrid ¡cars ¡ Ocean ¡energy ¡ Solar ¡PV ¡ LighJng ¡EE ¡ Buildings ¡EE ¡ All ¡tech. ¡sectors ¡
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Prices matter – and spur innovation
The Effect of the NOX Charge in Sweden
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20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 SEK per kg NOx Emission intensity in kg NOx per GWh
1991 1992 1994 1996
Marginal ¡Abatement ¡ ¡Cost ¡ Curvesof ¡Taxed ¡Emitters
Source: Hoglund-Isaksson (2005) cited in OECD (2011) Taxation, Innovation and the Environment Note: based on observations from 55 plants in the energy sectors over the period 1992-1996
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Pricing as a Necessary but not Necessarily Sufficient Condition
- ¡Difficulty ¡of ¡targeJng ¡environmental ¡‘bad’ ¡directly ¡and ¡excessive ¡
administraJve ¡costs ¡– ¡i.e. ¡environmental ¡policy ¡and ¡transacJon ¡ costs ¡
- ¡Secondary ¡‘non-‑environmental’ ¡market ¡failures ¡– ¡i.e. ¡informaJon ¡
failures, ¡split ¡incenJves, ¡network ¡externaliJes ¡
- ¡‘Credibility’ ¡of ¡policy-‑induced ¡price ¡signals ¡over ¡the ¡longer ¡term ¡
may ¡not ¡be ¡sufficient ¡for ¡risky ¡investments ¡
- ¡InerJa ¡in ¡the ¡market ¡which ¡can ¡favour ¡incumbent ¡firms ¡and ¡
technologies ¡– ¡“deadweight ¡of ¡past” ¡may ¡correlate ¡with ¡ environment-‑intensity” ¡ ¡ ¡
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Principles of environmental policy design in order to encourage 'green' innovation
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- Stringency ¡– ¡how ¡ambiJous ¡is ¡the ¡policy ¡objecJve ¡relaJve ¡
to ¡“BAU” ¡
- Predictability ¡– ¡how ¡certain ¡and ¡credible ¡is ¡the ¡signal ¡given ¡
by ¡the ¡policy ¡
- Flexibility ¡– ¡how ¡much ¡space ¡is ¡provided ¡to ¡idenJfy ¡new ¡
technologies ¡and ¡methods ¡
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The Role of Policy Flexibility: The Effect on Patented Environmental Inventions
8 Note: Figure shows the estimated importance of different characteristics of environmental policy framework (policy stringency, policy flexibility) in encouraging inventive activity in environmental technologies. Measured as the number of patent applications (claimed priorities) deposited during 1975-2006. Source: OECD (2011) Invention and Transfer of Environmental Technologies www.oecd.org/environment/innovation
0 ¡ 0.2 ¡ 0.4 ¡ 0.6 ¡ 0.8 ¡ 1 ¡ 1.2 ¡ 1.4 ¡ 1.6 ¡ 1.8 ¡ Model ¡1 ¡(No ¡Year ¡FE) ¡ Model ¡2 ¡(Year ¡FE) ¡ Stringency ¡Alone ¡ Stringency ¡& ¡Flexibility ¡
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The Role of Policy Predictability:
Effect of Volatility in Public R&D on Inventive Activity
9 Note: Figure shows the estimated response to a 1% increase in the level and volatility of public R&D in encouraging inventive activity in environmental technologies, measured as the number of patent applications (claimed priorities) deposited during 1975-2007 in a cross-section of OECD countries. Source: Kalamova, Johnstone and Hascic (2012) in V. Constantini and M. Mazzanti (eds.) The Dynamics of Environmental and Economic Systems (Springer, forthcoming).
- 0.40
- 0.30
- 0.20
- 0.10
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 R&D Volatility R&D Level Model 1 (No FE) Model 2 (FE)
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The Need for a Mix of Policies:
Sequencing and Complementarity in AFV Technologies
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Electric Hybrid
Standards Fuel ¡prices Fuel ¡prices Standards Public ¡R&D Public ¡R&D
Note: For ease of interpretation elasticities have been normalised such that effect of R&D=1. Unfilled bars indicate no statistical significance at 5% level. Source: OECD (2011) Invention and Transfer of Environmental Technologies.
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Policy Impacts and Distance from “Market”
- To induce a 1% increase in electric vehicle innovations, the
alternatives are:
–
Increase R&D by 14% (i.e. $26 mln instead of $23 mln per year per country, on average)
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Increase fuel price by 63% (i.e. $1.30 instead of $0.80, on avg)
- To induce a 1% increase in hybrid vehicle innovations, the
alternatives are:
–
Increase R&D by 53% (i.e. $35 mln instead of $23 mln per year per country, on average)
–
Increase fuel price by 5% (i.e. $0.84 instead of $0.80, on avg)
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Climate Change Mitigation Costs With and Without Research on “Backstop” Technologies
12 Note: Assumptions concerning backstop technologies based on expenditures on technologies which are under research but not yet viable (e.g. advanced biofuels, nuclear and fuel cells) Source: OECD Economics of Climate Change Mitigation. Based on research undertaken by V. Bosetti et al. (2010) in http://www.feem.it/userfiles/attach/2010471754234NDL2010-042.pdf
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Effects of Different Strategies to Overcome Intermittency on “Productivity” of Wind Power Plants
13 Note: Productivity measured as delivered power over potential capacity. Estimates based on unbalanced sample of 32 countries over 20 years. Source: D. Benatia, N. Johnstone and I Hascic “Making the Most of Wind Power Plants” (forthcoming)
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Directing Change Without “Picking Winners”
- Since technology-neutral pricing of externality is not
‘sufficient’ = > necessity to be ‘prescriptive’ (at least to some extent) => main challenge for policy makers
- Some general principles:
- Support a ‘portfolio’ of technologies to diversify risk of
getting it “wrong”
- Benefits of chosen portfolio should be robust with respect
to information uncertainty (i.e. ancillary benefits)
- Identify “local general purpose technologies’ which
complement a variety of emission-reducing strategies ¡ ¡ ¡
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Breadth of Sources of Environmental Innovation
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International technology co-operation for green innovation
Remove barriers to global trade and investment flows ⇒ to
help underpin sustained growth and diffusion of green technologies and services (‘red herring’ of IPRs)
More concerted approaches to accelerate technology
development and diffusion:
– build research and aborptive capacity in developing countries through international cooperation – identify technologies appropriate for local ecological and economic conditions (i.e. ‘neglected’ analogy)
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MEAs and Technology Diffusion
The LRTAP and Transfer between Signatories
17 Note: The Figure shows the relative importance of cross-border transfer of SOx and NOx emissions abatement technologies in cases when both the source and the recipient country have signed the Protocols, when only either side signed, and when neither side signed. Measured as the number of duplicate patent applications from the ‘source’ country (priority office) to the recipient country (duplicate office) during 1980-2008. Source: OECD (2011) Invention and Transfer of Environmental Technologies www.oecd.org/environment/innovation (Not ¡Signed; ¡Signed) ¡ (Signed; ¡Signed) ¡ (Signed; ¡Not ¡Signed) ¡ (Not ¡Signed; ¡Not ¡ Signed) ¡
SOX ¡ NOX ¡
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What Is Driving Transfer and Spillovers? CDM and the Case of Wind Power
Note: The histogram shows the relative importance of different determinants of transfer of wind power technologies, from Annex I to non-Annex I countries. Source: Haščič, Ivan and Nick Johnstone (2011) “The Clean Development Mechanism and International Technology Transfer: Empirical Evidence on Wind Power” in Climate Policy 11(6)
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Research Cooperation in CC Mitigation Technologies
(Co-invention of Solar Photovoltaic Technologies)
Source: OECD (2012) Energy and Climate Change Policy and Innovation (forthcoming).
20 Sector 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All Technologies GB-US DE-US CA-US CH-DE JP-US FR-US NL-US DE-FR CH-FR CH-US Wind DK-GB DE-US CA-US DE-NL NL-US DE-DK IN-US BE-ZA RU-US DK-ES Solar PV JP-US DE-US GB-US CH-DE AT-DE CA-US CN-US DE-FR DE-NL GB-IT Advanced Storage GB-US CA-US DE-US JP-US JP-KR FR-US CH-DE CA-FR CN-US KR-US Electricity T’mission DE-US JP-NZ CH-DE IT-US CA-US CH-US FI-SE DE-FR DE-GB IN-US CCS CA-US NL-US GB-US FR-US DE-US AU-NL DE-GB GB-NL NO-US CN-US Advanced Biofuels DK-US NL-US CA-US DE-US CN-DK DE-GB GB-US CH-DE GB-NL JP-US Fuel Cells JP-US CA-US DE-US GB-US CN-US KR-US FR-US CH-DE CA-FR CA-DE
International Research Collaboration in CC Mitigation Technologies
Note: The table shows the most important co-inventing country pairs (country of residence
- f inventor) in patent applications.
Source: Kahrobaie, Haščič, Johnstone (2012) “International Research Collaboration in Climate Technologies”, OECD Environment Working Paper Series (forthcoming).
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Technology Agreements and International Research Collaboration
Note: The values represent the proportional change in research collaboration for a discrete change (equal to 10% of the ‘treated’ sample) in joint membership in an IA. Source: Kahrobaie, Haščič, Johnstone (2012) “International Research Collaboration in Climate Technologies”, OECD Environment Working Paper Series (forthcoming).
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Conclusions: Research and Policy Challenges
Providing policy predictability in conditions of imperfect and
changing information
Providing a mix of incentives that induce solutions from
‘close-to-market’ up to ‘breakthrough’
Directing technological change onto a green trajectory without
being “unduly” prescriptive
Building international cooperative solutions for environmental
problems which stretch widely across space and time
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