Enhancing Gut Health in Transition Cows Anne H. Laarman, PhD - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Enhancing Gut Health in Transition Cows Anne H. Laarman, PhD - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Feb 01, 2024 458 likes •955 views

Enhancing Gut Health in Transition Cows Anne H. Laarman, PhD Assistant Professor, Dairy Nutrition & Physiology 23-25 January 2020 Overview Transition Period Challenges to Gut Health Rumen Hindgut Enhancing Gut

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Enhancing Gut Health in Transition Cows

Anne H. Laarman, PhD Assistant Professor, Dairy Nutrition & Physiology 23-25 January 2020

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Overview

  • Transition Period
  • Challenges to Gut Health
  • Rumen
  • Hindgut
  • Enhancing Gut Health
  • VFA Absorption
  • Microbial Supplementation
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SLIDE 3

Transition Period

  • Negative energy balance linked to metabolic diseases

and resumption of cyclicity

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Transition Period

  • Additional changes
  • Diet fermentability
  • Absorptive surface area
  • Microbiome
  • Timeline for adaptation often not completely considered
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Rumen Physiology

Microbiome Feed Epimural Microbiome Fermentation Products Host Proteome Lower Gut Signals

Rumen Epithelium Blood

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Transition Cow Rumen Microbiome

  • High grain diets decrease bacterial:
  • Number
  • Richness
  • Diversity

Hook et al., 2011 Plaizier et al., 2017

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SLIDE 7

Bacterial Species Abundance

Minuti et al., 2015

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SLIDE 8

Overview

  • Transition Period
  • Challenges to Gut Health
  • Rumen
  • Hindgut
  • Enhancing Gut Health
  • VFA Absorption
  • Microbial Supplementation
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Subacute Ruminal Acidosis

  • US impact of $750m - $1.5b annually in lost milk

production and increased culling

  • Number: 9.8m cows (USDA, 2018)
  • Incidence: 20-40% (Garrett et al., 1997)
  • Cost: $400 per case (Stone et al., 2004)
  • Increase in NFC in early lactation diets
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Subacute Ruminal Acidosis

  • Transition to high grain compromises barrier integrity

Steele, et al. 2011

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Subacute Ruminal Acidosis

  • VFA required for epithelial damage

Meissner et al., 2017

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  • Passive diffusion uncontrollable acidification of epithelial cells

Laarman, 2015

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Immune Response

  • Inflammation initiators
  • Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL1-β, IL-6)
  • Anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10)
  • LPS
  • Recognized by receptors
  • TLR-2 (Gram-positive)
  • TLR-4 (Gram-negative)
  • Activates inflammation cascade (NF-κB)
  • More cytokines
  • Acute phase proteins (Haptoglobin, SAA)
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SLIDE 14

LPS

Gut Lumen

LPS/LBP Complex LBP

Portal Circulation Immune Cell TLR4 Liver

↑ Inflammatory response ↑ Acute Phase Proteins:

  • Serum Amyloid A
  • Haptoglobin
  • LBP

(Courtesy of Dr. Sara Kvidera)

（LBP=LPS）

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LPS & Barrier Integrity

  • LPS increases permeability of tissue at low pH

Emmanuel et al., 2007

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Barrier Integrity

  • Multi-layer vs. single-layer epithelium

Steele et al., 2016

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LPS Production During SARA

  • SARA produces LPS
  • Not every SARA incident causes inflammation

Khafipour et al., 2009

Time below pH 5.6 (min/d) Rumen LPS (EU/ml) Serum haptoglobin (µg/ml) Control 161a 29,933a 0a SARA (grain) 337b 179,762b 608b SARA (alfalfa pellet) 510b 169,266b 21a

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SLIDE 18
  • Site of starch

degradation major factor to consider

  • Rumen
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine

Zebeli et al., 2015

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Hindgut Acidosis

  • Hindgut highly efficient at fermenting carbohydrates not

previously fermented

  • Abomasal infusions of neutral-detergent soluble fibers not

detectable in feces

  • Hindgut will see build-up of VFAs
  • Hindgut pH decline often absent
  • Acute phase response inconsistent

Gressley et al., 2011

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  • Increasing dietary starch affects entire gut

Hindgut Acidosis

(Li et al., 2012)

Control SARA (Alfalfa) SARA (Grain) Hindgut LPS, EU/ml 18,289b 15,631b 128,566a Starch, %DM 2.8b 2.6b 7.4a

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Hindgut Acidosis

  • Hindgut acidosis can cause epithelial integrity loss and

NF-kB activation

Low Concentrate High Concentrate

(Tao et al., 2014)

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Summary

  • Rumen-degradable starch can cause SARA
  • Low rumen pH
  • LPS release
  • Pro-inflammatory response
  • Shifting fermentation to hindgut has trade-offs
  • More susceptible to LPS translocation
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Overview

  • Transition Period
  • Challenges to Gut Health
  • Rumen
  • Hindgut
  • Enhancing Gut Health
  • VFA Absorption
  • Microbial Supplementation
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VFA Absorption is Key

  • Faster VFA uptake makes ruminants more resistant to

subacute ruminal acidosis

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Penner et al., 2009

Nutrient Uptake Acidosis - Resistant Acidosis- Susceptible P Acetate 7.40 ± 0.95a 3.16 ± 0.75b < 0.01 Butyrate 13.71 ± 1.10a 8.77 ± 1.03b < 0.01

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SLIDE 25
  • VFA absorption through passive diffusion and protein-

mediated flux

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VFA Absorption Kinetics

  • Changes in VFA absorption can be mediated through both

absorption avenues

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Laarman et al., 2016

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Measuring VFA Transport Capacity

Control Treatment

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VFA Absorption Capacity

  • Changes in transporters explain changes in absorption

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Laarman et al., 2016

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Improving VFA Absorption Capacity

Grain Supplement (n = 16) Butyrate @ 2.5% DMI (n=8)

Calcium salt, ruminally dosed 2x daily

Control (n=8)

  • 2

2 1 5 3 4 7 6

  • 1

Day

Laarman et al., 2013

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VFA Transporter Abundance

Laarman et al., 2013

  • VFA absorption capacity can be modulated dietarily
  • Absorption capacity linked to cellular function
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Beyond VFA Transport

  • Butyrate decreases immune and inflammatory response
  • Decreases NFκB expression
  • Increased energy mobilization in rumen epithelium
  • Optimal inclusion rate unknown

Dionissopoulos et al., 2013 Laarman et al., 2013

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Summary

  • VFA absorption is key to resistance to SARA
  • Passive diffusion and protein-mediated absorption mechanisms
  • VFA absorption capacity can be manipulated through diet
  • Linked to cellular homeostasis
  • Likely multiple supplements and strategies
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Overview

  • Transition Period
  • Challenges to Gut Health
  • Rumen
  • Hindgut
  • Enhancing Gut Health
  • VFA Absorption
  • Microbial Supplementation
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Fermentation Products

  • Lactobacillus spp.

fermentation product changed fermentation profile

  • Increased growth in

beef steers by 0.10 kg/day

Hall et al., 2018

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Probiotics and Diet Adaptation

  • Active-dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae can aid adaptation

to high grain diet

AlZahal et al., 2014

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Probiotics and Diet Adaptation

  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae improved rumen pH stability

AlZahal et al., 2014

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SLIDE 38

5 10 15 20 25 30

  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Dry Matter Intake, Kg/d Weeks in Lactation CTRL - P DFM - P CTRL - M DFM - M

Probiotics and Transition Cows

  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (CNCM I-1077)

P Values Trt 0.35 Week < 0.01 Parity < 0.01 Trt * Parity 0.69

Steelreath et al., unpublished

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Probiotics and Transition Cows

10 20 30 40 50 60 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Milk Output, kg/d Weeks in Lactation CTRL - P DFM - P CTRL - M DFM - M

*

P Values Trt < 0.01 Week < 0.01 Parity < 0.01 Trt * Parity 0.42

Steelreath et al., unpublished

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Probiotics and Transition Cows

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800

  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Body Weight, kg Weeks of Lactation CTRL - P DFM - P CTRL - M DFM - M

P Values Trt 0.01 Week < 0.01 Parity < 0.01 Trt * Parity 0.51

Steelreath et al., unpublished

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Probiotics and Physiology

  • Energy balance
  • Same energy intake
  • Increased energy output
  • Decreased energy mobilization
  • No change in serum glucose or NEFA
  • SCB can increase TLR4 during transition (Bach et al., 2018)
  • TLR4 linked to rumen acidosis resistance (Chen et al., 2012)

Steelreath et al., unpublished

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Summary

  • Both live products and fermentation products available
  • Much variability among products on market
  • CNCM I-1077 improves milk production in heifers and

cows

  • Immune status currently unknown
  • Possible mechanism through Toll-Like Receptors
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SLIDE 43

Overview

  • Transition Period
  • Challenges to Gut Health
  • Rumen
  • Hindgut
  • Enhancing Gut Health
  • VFA Absorption
  • Microbial Supplementation
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Key Challenges to Gut Health

  • Ruminal starch degradation can lead to SARA
  • Low pH
  • High LPS
  • Inflammatory response
  • Hindgut acidosis can occur with undigested

carbohydrates

  • Physiologically very different
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Key Opportunities for Enhancement

  • Improving VFA absorption
  • Direct supplementation
  • Improving gut adaptation
  • Microbial supplementation
  • Live microbial products & fermentation products
  • Much variation among products
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Going Forward

  • Improving product targeting
  • Optimal time and dose
  • Improving gut adaptation
  • Increasing VFA absorption
  • Improving cellular homeostasis abilities
  • Decreasing inflammation longevity
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Acknowledgments

  • Students
  • Maddie Bennett
  • Corrina Cheatham
  • Maddi Degenshein
  • Rebecca Hiltz
  • Dana McCurdy
  • Rayne Roberts
  • Maeghan Steelreath
  • Ali Wolfe
  • UI Dairy Staff
  • Josh Peak
  • Derrick Mamer
  • Interns & Work Studies
  • Funding

Hatch NC-2040

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