Encryption Ethical Quandaries that Exist in Privacy Rudolf Musika - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Encryption

April 12, 2018 Rudolf Musika CS 3111

Ethical Quandaries that Exist in Privacy

Overview

• Presentation description

− Brief description of encryption. − Bring to attention some of the troubles that plague encryption and encourage its further use.

• Ethical perspectives and theories about of

encryption

• Key findings / results

− Why encryption is necessary. − Examine the real-time effects over the last decade.

• Conclusion

What is encryption?

In cryptography, encryption means changing electronic information or signals into a secret code that people can not understand or use on normal equipment (Cambridge).

Brief History

• Cryptography explained by its “father”

Leon Battista Alberti in 1469 (Battista).

• Public key cryptography was invented by

Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman in 1976 (Markoff).

Hellman, left and Diffie, Right. Stanford News Service

Brief History

Need for decryption: the opposite of encryption; requires a cipher (method), usually relying on a piece of information called a key (actual information conversion equivalence).

Malignity of the word “Encryption”

After acts of terrorism around the world, media news and governments have denigrated the word encryption (Goodnight). No doubt, encryption can be used for the wrong reasons, for instance when it is used in apps that spread terror (Meyer).

Privacy and Encryption

Objective

• The use of encryption should be encouraged by

everyone including the government.

Results

• Encryption has had inherent positive effects over

the past decade.

• Users have to adapt to technological

advancements.

Privacy and Rights

Based on the 3rd Amendment to the US Constitution and the increasing controversies about privacy, Michael J Quinn concludes that privacy is not a natural but a prudential right.

From a Kantian perspective:

Privacy is deemed a basic right in Europe. In 1948, The United Nations published the Universal Declaration of Human rights that all human beings have the right to own property (US). Edward Snowden once said, “Arguing that you don't care about the right to privacy because you have nothing to hide is no different than saying you don't care about free speech because you have nothing to say” (Rusbridger, Gibson).

Ethical Frameworks and Encryption

Ethical Frameworks and Encryption

From a Utilitarian perspective: Experts in cryptography say it might

• bstruct law enforcements efforts (Raicu).

Interestingly, different agencies within the US government have come out on opposite sides on the matter (Pellerin).

Ethical Frameworks and Encryption

From a Social Contract perspective: We want the constructs of social systems, institutions and environments we depend on to work in a manner that benefits all people.

For one, if we want the common good of transparency that benefits us all, how is this promoted if further enforcement of encryption exists in government agencies (Wood). For one, if we want the common good of transparency that benefits us all, how is this promoted if further enforcement of encryption exists in government agencies (Wood). The antithetical scenario is that with less encryption, enemies within or outside our society have access to sensitive information. The antithetical scenario is that with less encryption, enemies within or outside our society have access to sensitive information.

Ethical Frameworks and Encryption

Yet two paradoxes exist:

From a Virtue Ethics perspective: Encryption protects some virtues like truthfulness, but has it denigrated some

• thers like courage?

Does encryption allow us to be less prudent. Food for Thought…

Ethical Frameworks and Encryption

Encryption and Privacy

The use of encryption should be encouraged by everyone including the government. Have you experienced the negative effects of too much encryption? Take notice of the positive effects of encryption to society as a whole

Briefly:

• 1. Encryption needs to evolve and progress.
• 2. Real-time effects of encryption over the last

decade.

Encryption and Privacy

Advancement of the Use of Encryption

Two kinds of encryption :

• 1. End to End Encryption and authentication.
• 2. Device encryption.

Both civilians and governments need protection. How much protection do we need to have?

1. Government agencies confronting companies to create back doors (Muir, Zetter). 2. After Paris attacks of 2016, claim they used video games for communication (Neagle, Bicchierai). 3. Company security of information by giving employees encrypted devices and communication channels. 4. Our own school emails are protected through a school server that has the keys

Examine the real-time effects in the last decade

Conclusion

• It is evident that we should advance the use of

encryption.

• Based on recent effects of encryption,we can see

that encryption is a reinvigorating anomaly of privacy.

Questions & Discussion

Alberti, Leon Battista. Ten Books on Architecture. A. Tiranti, 1955. David Muir Interview. "Apple CEO Tim cook sits Down with David Muir." abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/exclusive-apple-ceo-tim-cook-sits- david-muir- 37174976 Accessed 11 April 2018. “Encrypt.” Cambridge English Dictionary, 2018. dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/encrypt?q=encryption#da taset-

• british. Accessed 11 April 2018.

Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo. "How the Baseless 'Terrorists Communicating Over Playstation 4' Rumor Got Started".motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/wnxq8x/how-the- baseless- terrorists-communicating-over-playstation-4-rumor-got-

• tarted. Accessed 11

April 2018 Goodnight, Eric Z. “What is Encryption, and Why are people afraid of it?”howtogeek, 30 Nov.2018, howtogeek.com/234642/what-is- encryption-and- why-are-people-afraid-of-it. Accessed 11 April 2018 Kim Zetter. "After Paris Attacks, here is what the CIA director gets wrong about encryption". 16 Nov.2015, Wired, wired.com/2015/11/paris-attacks- cia- director-john-brennan-what-he-gets-wrong-about- encryption- backdoors. Accessed 11 April 2018.

Works Cited

Markoff, John. “Cryptography Pioneers Win Turing Award.” The NewYorkTimes: Technology, 30 Mar.2016, nytimes.com/2016/03/02/technology/cryptography-pioneers-to-win- turing-award. Accessed 11 April 2018. Meyer, Josh, “How ISIS may be using phone apps and video games to plot terror ”.NBC News. nbcnews.com/storyline/paris-terror-attacks/are-isis-geeks- using-phone-apps-encryption-spread-terror-n464131. Accessed 11 April 2018. Neagle,Colin. "How ISIS could use video games, messaging apps to evade surveillance.”NetworkWorld.networkworld.com/article/3005364/securit y/how- isis-uses-video-games-playstation-4-messaging-apps-to-evade- surveillance. Accessed 11 April 2018. Pellerin, Cheryl. “Senior Officials: DoD Supports Strong Encryption for Defense, Commercial Security” Sept. 13, 2016. defense.gov/News/Article/Article/943220/senior-officials-dod- supports-strong- encryption-for-defense-commercial-security. Accessed 11 April 2018

Works Cited

Raicu, Rina. “Ethical Questions about Encryption” Santa Clara University. 02 Dec.2016. scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/technology- ethics/resources/ethical-questions-about-encryption. Accessed 11 April 2018 Rusbridger, Alan et al. “Edward Snowden: NSA reform in the US is only the beginning.” The Guardian, 22 May.2015, theguardian.com/us- news/2015/may/22/edward-snowden-nsa-reform. Accessed 11 April 2018. Steen,Margaret. "The Ethics of Encryption". Santa Clara University, Feb 01.2015. scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/business- ethics/resources/the- ethics-of-

• encryption. Accessed 11 April 2018.

United States. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs. “Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 40th Anniversary.” Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 40th Anniversary, 1988. Volz, Dustin. “How Secure Could Hillary Clinton,'s Personal Email Be?” National Journal Daily, 2015, pp. National Journal Daily, March 3. 2015.

Works Cited

Washington State University. "Improve your information security by giving employees more options: Employees may not realize they're putting company data at risk." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 26 March 2018. sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180326192123 Accessed 11 April 2018 Wood, Colin. 18 Mar. 2016. “Are San Francisco Officials Hiding Messages from the Public?” GovTech, 18 Mar.2016, govtech.com/dc/San- Francisco- Officials-Hiding-Messages-from-Public. Accessed 11 April 2018. Yen,Andy. " Think your email's private? Think again". TEDGlobal 2014. ted.com/talks/andy_yen_think_your_email_s_private_think_ again/transcript?c=209855#t-186858 Accessed 11 April 2018

Works Cited