Dr.BrianEgan,DepartmentofGeography,SimonFraserUniversity - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Dr.
Brian
Egan,
Department
of
Geography,
Simon
Fraser
University


revision
guidelines
  work
on
improving
your
wri?ng.
  sloppy
mistakes
–
e.g.,
spelling,
incomplete
sentences.
  sentence
structure.

  flow.
  make
full
and
best
use
of
the
space
available.
  avoid
empty
and
repe??ve
text.
  use
graphics
appropriately
and
effec?vely.
  don’t
use
graphics
to
just
fill
space;
they
must
add
to
(not
repeat)
 informa?on
in
the
text.

  make
sure
graphics
are
labeled,
legible,
and
easy
to
understand.
  make
your
own
graphics,
if
necessary.


  reference
graphics
in
text. 




revision
guidelines
(cont’d)
  Chicago
Manual
of
Style;
use
author‐date
style.

  in‐text
cita?ons:
 In
2001,
40%
of
global
peanut
produc?on
went
into
the
manufacture
of
peanut
buVer
 (Brown
2002).

 Green
and
Blue
(2004)
report
that
peanut
buVer
consump?on
in
China
increased
by
200%
 between
2000
and
2005.

 White
(2006,
22)
argues
that
China’s
state
owned
peanut
buVer
corpora?on,
Sino‐Peanut
 Corp.,
has
come
to
“dominate
the
global
market,
threatening
peanut
buVer
supplies
in
 countries
like
Canada
and
the
United
States.”
 
  references
 Brown,
B.
2002.
 The
Global
Peanut
Industry .
New
York:
Penguin.

 Green,
A.,
and
C.
Blue.
2004.
“The
Chinese
Peanut
BuVer
Boom.”
 Journal
of
Advanced
Peanut
 Bu9er
Studies 
54:
22‐45.

 White,
B.
2006.
“The
Looming
Peanut
BuVer
Crisis.”
 Bob
White’s
Peanut
Bu9er
Blog ,
March
 10.
hVp://www.peanut‐buVer‐news.wordpress.com/2006/03/10/PB‐crisis.html



final
exam
  Monday,
April
16,
19:00
to
22:00,
AQ
3154.

  worth
35%
of
your
final
course
mark.
  exam
format: 
  series
of
short
answer
ques?ons
(25%).
  three
long
answer
(short
essay)
ques?ons
(75%).
  in
week
12
(first
week
of
April)
I
will
give
you
5
essay
ques?ons,
three
of
 which
will
appear
on
the
final
exam.





mining
and
minerals
  minerals
 =
any
naturally
occurring
inorganic
substance.
  mineral
resource
 =
a
mineral
that
has
human
use
or
value.
  mineral
reserves
 =
proven
supply
or
deposits
of
a
mineral.



  minerals
are
stock
or
non‐renewable
resources.
  minerals
have
been
key
resources
in
long
trajectory
of
human
history;
 e.g.,
bronze
age
(smel?ng
of
copper
and
?n),
iron
age.

  most
mineral
resources
are
distributed
unevenly
across
space;
 aluminum
and
iron
ores
most
abundant
and
widespread,
while
minerals
 like
silver,
gold,
and
coltan
are
much
more
rare.
  most
minerals
are
not
found
naturally
in
pure
form
(gold
and
silver
are
 notable
excep?ons)
but
in
mineral
compounds
or
“ores”.



mineral
explora?on
  mining
companies
scour
the
globe
for
highest
grade
ores
(concentra?on
of
 mineral
element)
to
make
exploita?on
feasible
and
profitable.
  minimum
economic
ore
grade
varies
with
economic
condi?ons,
mineral
 price,
and
rela?ve
scarcity
of
the
mineral
in
ques?on.
  as
mineral
scarcity,
demand,
and
price
increases,
lower
grade
ores
become
 economically
feasible
and
aVrac?ve
(e.g.
price
of
gold
and
mining
in
the
Yukon)
  historically,
explora?on
has
focused
in
Global
North
(especially
USA,
 Canada,
Australia)
but
the
last
few
decades
has
seen
great
increase
in
 mining
in
Global
South
(La?n
America,
Africa,
Asia).



  this
trend
driven
by
overall
trend
to
economic
globaliza?on
and
key
role
of
 transna?onal
capital
(mul?na?onal
mining
corpora?ons).

  we
are
currently
in
a
period
of
unparalleled
growth
of
the
mining
sector
spread
 across
the
globe,
driven
in
considerable
part
by
demand
from
Asia
(especially
 China).



mineral
‘development’
  a
number
of
factors
determine
whether
or
not
a
par?cular
mineral
ore
 deposit
will
be
‘developed’
(or
exploited).

  geological
and
geographic:
quality,
quan?ty,
and
accessibility
of
the
ore.
  economic:
supply,
demand,
and
price
for
the
mineral,
and
costs
of
produc?on
 (e.g.,
labour,
infrastructure,
royalty
regime,
environmental
costs,
etc.).
  poli?cal:
laws,
policies,
royalty
regimes,
and
considera?on
of
‘strategic’
 resources
(e.g.,
potash
in
Canada,
uranium).

  mining
opera?ons
are
defined
as
either
surface
(open
pit,
quarrying,
strip)
 or
underground
(shak,
borehole)
systems.

  the
last
50
years
has
seen
a
shik
to
surface
mining
opera?ons,
which
are
 generally
seen
as
less
expensive
(and
less
labour
intensive)
methods
of
 extrac?ng
mineral
ores.


costs
and
benefits
  in
many
countries,
mining
is
a
key
economic
driver,
par?cularly
early
in
a
 na?on’s
process
of
economic
development.
  direct
employment
and
income
to
ci?zens,
and
royal?es
to
the
state
(which
 can
provide
for
health,
educa?on,
and
other
social
programs)
–
but
also
 can
spur
secondary
industries.

  California
case
study:
gold,
silver,
copper,
and
(later)
oil,
?mber,
and
fisheries
 “provided
spectacular
bursts
of
wealth
that
propelled
California
along
the
fast
 track
of
capitalist
development”
(Walker
2001,
172).
  in
California,
wealth
from
exploita?on
of
natural
resources
was
reinvested
in
 the
broader
economy
(manufacturing,
processing,
real
estate)
and
provided
 basis
for
a
more
diversified
economy.



  other
case
studies
of
economies
built
primarily
on
mineral
wealth
are
South
 Africa
(gold)
and
Chile
(copper).

 Walker,
R.
2001.
California’s
golden
road
to
riches:
natural
 resources
and
regional
capitalism,
1848‐1940.
 Annals
of
the
 Associa?on
of
American
Geographers
 91(1):
167‐199.




resources
and
development
  the
fact
that
mining
is
increasingly
capital
intensive
and
the
lack
of
local
 processing
and
manufacturing
of
ores
means
that
local
economic
benefits
 are
oken
less
than
hoped
for.

  mining
does
not
automa?cally
result
in
‘development’.

 
  the
‘resource
curse’
(or
the
‘paradox
of
plenty’)
speaks
to
the
fact
that
 many
countries
blessed
with
an
abundance
of
natural
resources
fare
less
 well
than
countries
with
a
poor
stock
of
resources.
why?
  resource
conflicts.
  corrup?on
and
inequality.
  plunder
and
run.
  failure
to
reinvest
natural
wealth.
  lack
of
diversifica?on
(the
‘staples
trap’).


costs
and
benefits
(cont’d)
  the
high
impact
of
surface
mining
opera?ons
has
triggered
many
concerns
 and
conflicts
–
esp.
re.
impacts
on
environment
and
on
aboriginal
rights.
  water
pollu?on
a
major
concern,
through
runoff
and
leaching
into
streams,
 lakes,
oceans,
and
groundwater.
  heavy
metals
like
copper,
lead,
mercury,
and
zinc
are
toxic,
as
are
chemicals
used
 to
process
ores
(acids,
cyanide,
petrochemicals)
–
with
consequent
impacts
on
 drinking
water
and
aqua?c
life.

  one
recent
report
suggested
that,
around
the
world,
mining
companies
dump
 180
million
tons
of
hazardous
waste
into
water
bodies
every
year
(Earthworks
 and
Mining
Watch
Canada
2012).


  land
and
habitat
degrada?on,
impacts
on
plant
and
animals
communi?es,
 including
game
species
of
importance
to
local
aboriginal
and
non‐ aboriginal
communi?es.

 Earthworks
and
Mining
Watch
Canada.
2012.
 Troubled
waters:
how
 mine
waste
dumping
is
poisoning
our
oceans,
rivers,
and
lakes .
 hVp://www.miningwatch.ca/