Don’t blame distributional semantics if it can’t do entailment Matthijs Westera & Gemma Boleda Universitat Pompeu Fabra
What is an adequate model of expression meaning ? 2
What is an adequate model of expression meaning ? Formal semantics Distributional semantics Formal semantics Distributional semantics animal dog cat house flat red 3
What is an adequate model of expression meaning ? Formal semantics Distributional semantics Formal semantics Distributional semantics animal dog cat house flat red 4
Don’t blame distributional semantics if it can’t do entailment Matthijs Westera & Gemma Boleda Universitat Pompeu Fabra
What is an adequate model of expression meaning ? Formal semantics Distributional semantics Formal semantics Distributional semantics animal dog cat house flat red 6
What is an adequate model of expression meaning ? Formal semantics Distributional semantics Formal semantics Distributional semantics animal dog cat house flat red 7
What is an adequate model of expression meaning ? Formal semantics Distributional semantics Formal semantics Distributional semantics animal dog cat house flat red 8
Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68) 9
Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68) 10
Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68) 11
Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68) 12
Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68) 13
Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68) 14
Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68) 15
Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68) Speaker meaning : The speaker’s communicative intention (varies a lot). 16
Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68) Speaker meaning : The speaker’s communicative intention (varies a lot). Expression meaning : Some kind of fjxed backbone of all uses. 17
Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68) Speaker meaning : The speaker’s communicative intention (varies a lot). Expression meaning : Some kind of fjxed backbone of all uses. 18
Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68) Speaker meaning : The speaker’s communicative intention (varies a lot). Expression meaning : Some kind of fjxed backbone of all uses. 19
Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68) 20
Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68) Expression meaning. 21
Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68) Expression meaning. 22
Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68) Expression meaning. 23
Why is DS attractive as a model of expression meaning? 24
DS as a model of expression meaning Expression meaning. 25
DS as a model of expression meaning animal dog cat Expression meaning. house flat red 26
DS as a model of expression meaning animal dog cat Expression meaning. house flat red 27
DS as a model of expression meaning animal dog cat Expression meaning. house flat red 28
DS as a model of concepts animal dog cat house flat red 29
DS as a model of concepts ● The vectors of DS are abstractions over occurrences . animal dog cat house flat red 30
DS as a model of concepts ● The vectors of DS are abstractions over occurrences . animal dog ● And so are concepts (e.g., Piaget). cat house flat red 31
DS as a model of concepts ● The vectors of DS are abstractions over occurrences . animal dog ● And so are concepts (e.g., Piaget). cat house flat But what sort of concepts does DS model? red 32
DS as a model of concepts ● The vectors of DS are abstractions over occurrences . animal dog ● And so are concepts (e.g., Piaget). cat house flat But what sort of concepts does DS model? red 33
DS as a model of concepts ● The vectors of DS are abstractions over occurrences . animal dog ● And so are concepts (e.g., Piaget). cat house flat But what sort of concepts does DS model? red 34
DS as a model of concepts ● The vectors of DS are abstractions over occurrences . animal dog ● And so are concepts (e.g., Piaget). cat house flat But what sort of concepts does DS model? red “cat” 35
DS as a model of concepts ● The vectors of DS are abstractions over occurrences . animal dog ● And so are concepts (e.g., Piaget). cat house flat But what sort of concepts does DS model? red “cat” 36
DS as a model of concepts of expressions 37
DS as a model of concepts of expressions ● Concepts represent our ability to make sense of the world (e.g., Dummett ‘93). 38
DS as a model of concepts of expressions ● Concepts represent our ability to make sense of the world (e.g., Dummett ‘93). 39
DS as a model of concepts of expressions ● Concepts represent our ability to make sense of the world (e.g., Dummett ‘93). “cat” 40
DS as a model of concepts of expressions ● Concepts represent our ability to make sense of the world (e.g., Dummett ‘93). “cat” ● So: concepts of expressions represent our ability to make sense of expressions . 41
DS as a model of expression meaning animal dog Expression meaning. cat house flat red 42
DS as a model of expression meaning animal dog Expression meaning. cat house flat red 43
Is DS expected to model entailment ? “cat” “cat” 44
Is DS expected to model entailment ? “cat” “cat” 45
Is DS expected to model entailment ? “cat” “cat” “animal” 46
Is DS expected to model entailment ? “cat” “cat” “animal” 47
No . Is DS expected to model entailment ? “cat” “cat” “animal” 48
No . Is DS expected to model entailment ? “cat” “cat” “animal” 49
Why can DS be sufficient as a model of expression meaning? 50
Recall: Formal semantics Distributional semantics Formal semantics Distributional semantics animal dog cat house flat 51
Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (1/3) 52
Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (1/3) Unnecessary 53
Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (1/3) Unnecessary Words don’t refer, speakers do. (e.g., Strawson, Bach) 54
Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (1/3) Unnecessary Words don’t refer, speakers do. (e.g., Strawson, Bach) 55
Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (2/3) 56
Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (2/3) Unfeasible 57
Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (2/3) Unfeasible The set of uses of a given expression resists definition. (e.g., Wittgenstein; Rosch; Fodor; Kilgarriff) 58
Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (2/3) Unfeasible The set of uses of a given expression resists definition. (e.g., Wittgenstein; Rosch; Fodor; Kilgarriff) 59
Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (3/3) 60
Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (3/3) Mistaken 61
Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (3/3) Mistaken Supposed intuitions about expression meaning in fact reflect stereotypical speaker meaning. (e.g., Grice, Bach, Schwarz) 62
Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (3/3) Mistaken Supposed intuitions about expression meaning in fact reflect stereotypical speaker meaning. (e.g., Grice, Bach, Schwarz) 63
Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (3/3) Mistaken Supposed intuitions about expression meaning in fact reflect stereotypical speaker meaning. (e.g., Grice, Bach, Schwarz) 64
Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (3/3) Mistaken Supposed intuitions about expression meaning in fact reflect stereotypical speaker meaning. (e.g., Grice, Bach, Schwarz) 65
Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (3/3) Mistaken Supposed intuitions about expression meaning in fact reflect stereotypical speaker meaning. (e.g., Grice, Bach, Schwarz) Th e r e d c a t c h a s e d a mo u s e . 66
Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (3/3) Mistaken Supposed intuitions about expression meaning in fact reflect stereotypical speaker meaning. (e.g., Grice, Bach, Schwarz) Th e r e d c a t c h a s e d a mo u s e . 67
Conclusion 68
Summing up 69
Summing up ● DS is an adequate model of expression meaning. 70
Summing up ● DS is an adequate model of expression meaning. – 71
Summing up ● DS is an adequate model of expression meaning. – – “cat” “animal” 72
Summing up ● DS is an adequate model of expression meaning. – – “cat” “animal” – it cannot do entailment (etc.), and isn’t supposed to. 73
Now what? (1/3) 74
Now what? (1/3) 75
Now what? (1/3) 76
Now what? (2/3) Formal semantics Distributional semantics Formal semantics Distributional semantics animal dog cat house flat 77
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