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Dont blame distributional semantics if it cant do entailment Matthijs Westera & Gemma Boleda Universitat Pompeu Fabra What is an adequate model of expression meaning ? 2 What is an adequate model of expression meaning ? Formal

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Don’t blame distributional semantics if it can’t do entailment

Matthijs Westera & Gemma Boleda Universitat Pompeu Fabra

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What is an adequate model of expression meaning?

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What is an adequate model of expression meaning?

Formal semantics Formal semantics Distributional semantics Distributional semantics

dog cat

house flat

animal red

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What is an adequate model of expression meaning?

Formal semantics Formal semantics Distributional semantics Distributional semantics

dog cat

house flat

animal red

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Don’t blame distributional semantics if it can’t do entailment

Matthijs Westera & Gemma Boleda Universitat Pompeu Fabra

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What is an adequate model of expression meaning?

Formal semantics Formal semantics Distributional semantics Distributional semantics

dog cat

house flat

animal red

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What is an adequate model of expression meaning?

Formal semantics Formal semantics Distributional semantics Distributional semantics

dog cat

house flat

animal red

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What is an adequate model of expression meaning?

Formal semantics Formal semantics Distributional semantics Distributional semantics

dog cat

house flat

animal red

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Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68)

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Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68)

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Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68)

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Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68)

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Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68)

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Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68)

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Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68)

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Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68)

Speaker meaning: The speaker’s communicative intention (varies a lot).

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Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68)

Speaker meaning: The speaker’s communicative intention (varies a lot). Expression meaning: Some kind of fjxed backbone of all uses.

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Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68)

Speaker meaning: The speaker’s communicative intention (varies a lot). Expression meaning: Some kind of fjxed backbone of all uses.

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Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68)

Speaker meaning: The speaker’s communicative intention (varies a lot). Expression meaning: Some kind of fjxed backbone of all uses.

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Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68)

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Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68)

Expression meaning.

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Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68)

Expression meaning.

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Expression meaning vs. speaker meaning (Grice ‘68)

Expression meaning.

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Why is DS attractive as a model of expression meaning?

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DS as a model of expression meaning

Expression meaning.

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DS as a model of expression meaning

Expression meaning.

dog cat

house flat

animal red

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DS as a model of expression meaning

Expression meaning.

dog cat

house flat

animal red

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DS as a model of expression meaning

Expression meaning.

dog cat

house flat

animal red

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DS as a model of concepts

dog cat

house flat

animal red

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DS as a model of concepts

  • The vectors of DS are abstractions over
  • ccurrences.

dog cat

house flat

animal red

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DS as a model of concepts

  • The vectors of DS are abstractions over
  • ccurrences.
  • And so are concepts (e.g., Piaget).

dog cat

house flat

animal red

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DS as a model of concepts

  • The vectors of DS are abstractions over
  • ccurrences.
  • And so are concepts (e.g., Piaget).

But what sort of concepts does DS model?

dog cat

house flat

animal red

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DS as a model of concepts

  • The vectors of DS are abstractions over
  • ccurrences.
  • And so are concepts (e.g., Piaget).

But what sort of concepts does DS model?

dog cat

house flat

animal red

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DS as a model of concepts

  • The vectors of DS are abstractions over
  • ccurrences.
  • And so are concepts (e.g., Piaget).

But what sort of concepts does DS model?

dog cat

house flat

animal red

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DS as a model of concepts

  • The vectors of DS are abstractions over
  • ccurrences.
  • And so are concepts (e.g., Piaget).

But what sort of concepts does DS model?

dog cat

house flat

animal red

“cat”

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DS as a model of concepts

  • The vectors of DS are abstractions over
  • ccurrences.
  • And so are concepts (e.g., Piaget).

But what sort of concepts does DS model?

dog cat

house flat

animal red

“cat”

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DS as a model of concepts of expressions

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DS as a model of concepts of expressions

  • Concepts represent our ability to make sense of the world (e.g.,

Dummett ‘93).

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DS as a model of concepts of expressions

  • Concepts represent our ability to make sense of the world (e.g.,

Dummett ‘93).

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DS as a model of concepts of expressions

  • Concepts represent our ability to make sense of the world (e.g.,

Dummett ‘93).

“cat”

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DS as a model of concepts of expressions

  • Concepts represent our ability to make sense of the world (e.g.,

Dummett ‘93).

  • So: concepts of expressions represent our ability to make sense
  • f expressions.

“cat”

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DS as a model of expression meaning

Expression meaning.

dog cat

house flat

animal red

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DS as a model of expression meaning

Expression meaning.

dog cat

house flat

animal red

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Is DS expected to model entailment?

“cat”

“cat”

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Is DS expected to model entailment?

“cat”

“cat”

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Is DS expected to model entailment?

“cat”

“animal” “cat”

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Is DS expected to model entailment?

“cat”

“animal” “cat”

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Is DS expected to model entailment?

“cat”

“animal” “cat”

No .

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Is DS expected to model entailment?

“cat”

“animal” “cat”

No .

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Why can DS be sufficient as a model of expression meaning?

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Recall:

Formal semantics Formal semantics Distributional semantics Distributional semantics

animal dog cat

house flat

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Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (1/3)

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Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (1/3)

Unnecessary

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Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (1/3)

Unnecessary Words don’t refer, speakers do. (e.g., Strawson, Bach)

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Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (1/3)

Unnecessary Words don’t refer, speakers do. (e.g., Strawson, Bach)

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Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (2/3)

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Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (2/3)

Unfeasible

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Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (2/3)

Unfeasible The set of uses of a given expression resists definition. (e.g., Wittgenstein; Rosch; Fodor; Kilgarriff)

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Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (2/3)

Unfeasible The set of uses of a given expression resists definition. (e.g., Wittgenstein; Rosch; Fodor; Kilgarriff)

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Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (3/3)

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Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (3/3)

Mistaken

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Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (3/3)

Mistaken Supposed intuitions about expression meaning in fact reflect stereotypical speaker meaning. (e.g., Grice, Bach, Schwarz)

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Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (3/3)

Mistaken Supposed intuitions about expression meaning in fact reflect stereotypical speaker meaning. (e.g., Grice, Bach, Schwarz)

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Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (3/3)

Mistaken Supposed intuitions about expression meaning in fact reflect stereotypical speaker meaning. (e.g., Grice, Bach, Schwarz)

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Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (3/3)

Mistaken Supposed intuitions about expression meaning in fact reflect stereotypical speaker meaning. (e.g., Grice, Bach, Schwarz)

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Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (3/3)

Mistaken Supposed intuitions about expression meaning in fact reflect stereotypical speaker meaning. (e.g., Grice, Bach, Schwarz)

Th e r e d c a t c h a s e d a mo u s e .

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Why doesn’t FS model expression meaning? (3/3)

Mistaken Supposed intuitions about expression meaning in fact reflect stereotypical speaker meaning. (e.g., Grice, Bach, Schwarz)

Th e r e d c a t c h a s e d a mo u s e .

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Conclusion

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Summing up

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Summing up

  • DS is an adequate model of expression meaning.
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Summing up

  • DS is an adequate model of expression meaning.

–

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Summing up

  • DS is an adequate model of expression meaning.

– –

“animal” “cat”

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Summing up

  • DS is an adequate model of expression meaning.

– – – it cannot do entailment (etc.), and isn’t supposed to.

“animal” “cat”

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Now what? (1/3)

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Now what? (1/3)

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Now what? (1/3)

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Now what? (2/3)

Formal semantics Formal semantics Distributional semantics Distributional semantics

animal dog cat

house flat

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Now what? (2/3)

Formal semantics Formal semantics Distributional semantics Distributional semantics

animal dog cat

house flat

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Now what? (3/3)

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Don’t blame distributional semantics if it can’t do entailment

Matthijs Westera & Gemma Boleda Universitat Pompeu Fabra

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Don’t blame distributional semantics if it can’t do entailment

Matthijs Westera & Gemma Boleda Universitat Pompeu Fabra

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Acknowledgments

This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 715154). This paper reflects the authors’ view only, and the EU is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. Thanks to the audience at Semantics and Philosophy in Europe 2018, and to the anonymous IWCS reviewers.

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Image sources

https://ui-ex.com/explore/whale-transparent-dark/ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cowicon.svg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bird_1010720_drawing.svg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dog_silhouette.svg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cat_silhouette_darkgray.svg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frog_(example).svg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PeregrineFalconSilhouettes.svg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_goldfish_silhouette.svg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_monkey_theorem#/media/ File:Chimpanzee_seated_at_typewriter.jpg http://chittagongit.com/icon/gallery-icon-png-25.html