Digital Philology, World Literature and Sustainable Global Culture - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Digital Philology, World Literature and Sustainable Global Culture

Gregory Crane Alexander von Humboldt Professor of Digital Humanitjes Universität Leipzig Professor of Classics Winnick Family Chair of Technology and Entrepreneurship Tufus University

Von [AvH Professuren] erwartet wird, dass ihre mit Hilfe des Preises ermöglichten wissenschafulichen Leistungen zur internatjonalen Wetubewerbsfähigkeit des Forschungsstandortes Deutschland nachhaltjg beitragen

htups://www.humboldt-foundatjon.de/web/alexander-von-humboldt-professorship.html

Alexander von Humboldt Professors “are expected to contribute to enhancing Germany's sustained internatjonal competjtjveness as a research locatjon in consequence of the award”

htups://www.humboldt-foundatjon.de/web/alexander-von-humboldt-professorship.html

Germany and the US

Where German Profs got their degrees

Where US Profs got their degrees

Where US Profs got their degrees

From 1957 to 1986

The 21st century

The 21st century

Only considering citatjons from works 30 years old or less (i.e., current scholars and their immediate teachers)

Language of Publicatjon (Prof. Dr-s.)

Language of Publicatjon (Prof. Dr-s.)

Infrastructure vs. supersructure (in an old- fashioned Marxian sense)

Populatjons: US 300m, Germany 80m, Japan 127m, Netherlands 17m

What’s the superstructure?

US Postsecondary Greek + Latjn

Germany sits squarely in the central European Latjn belt, but it has also seen substntjal drops in absolute numbers of Latjn students from 807,839 in 2010, to 740,302 students in 2011, to 705,407 students in 2012 -- a decline of 12% over two years.

htups://docs.google.com/document/d/1HfAQZUyRfDV0BPS39wx9kwPEqqTOwUtlC23GfCfvF1Y/e dit#

True decline in Greek is pbly 20%

German Sec. School Latjn enrollments

Germany sits squarely in the central European Latjn belt, but it has also seen substantjal drops in absolute numbers of Latjn students from 807,839 in 2010, to 740,302 students in 2011, to 705,407 students in 2012 -- a decline of 12% over two years.

htups://docs.google.com/document/d/1HfAQZUyRfDV0BPS39wx9kwPEqqTOwUtlC23GfCfvF1Y/e dit#

Germany 1997-2011: 43 of 200 chairs cut

More students but fewer professors

US Classics since 1975 …

US Classics since 1975 …

• Number of faculty (at least at the PhD

programs) seem roughly stable

US Classics since 1975 …

• Number of faculty (at least at the PhD

programs) seem roughly stable

• Absolute numbers of Greek and Latjn students

roughly stable (at least tjll 2008)

US Classics since 1975 …

• Number of faculty (at least at the PhD

programs) seem roughly stable

• Absolute numbers of Greek and Latjn students

roughly stable (at least tjll 2008)

• But the number of language based majors …

Yale has the last undergraduate Greek and Latjn reading list

Does Climate Change have betuer data?

Classic “wise man” quotatjon -- not really by Einstein but stjll makes the point …

A direct response to abandoning the name American Philological Society in favor of the Society for Classical Studies

A direct response to abandoning the name American Philological Society in favor of the Society for Classical Studies

Part also of a wave of anglophone scholarship reassertjng philology

What is philology?

Itaque ubi, quae et qualis philologia meo iudicio sit, quaeritjs, simplicissima ratjone respondeo, si non latjore, quae in ipso vocabulo inest, potestate accipitur, sed ut solet ad antjquas litueras refertur, universae antj tjquitatj tjs cognitj tjonem historicam et philosophicam.

Augustus Boeck, “Oratjo nataliciis Friderici Guilelmi III.” (1822)

Digital Technology and Theory

• Too much emphasis on the “how” and not

enough on the “why” of technology

Digital Technology and Theory

• Too much emphasis on the “how” and not

enough on the “why” of technology

• BUT the big questjon is NOT rethinking the

theoretjcal foundatjon of how scholars conduct their research.

Digital Technology and Theory

• Too much emphasis on the “how” and not

enough on the “why” of technology

• BUT the big questjon is NOT rethinking the

theoretjcal foundatjon of how scholars conduct their research.

– That is a secondary questjon, a “how” questjon assuming the answer to another “why” questjon.

What opportunitjes and challenges does a digital age pose to the social contract that justjfjes the professional positjon of every speaker in this conference?

What opportunitjes and challenges does a digital age pose to the social contract that justjfjes the professional positjon of every speaker in this conference?

Why do our fjelds exist and why might they exist in this new space?

What opportunitjes and challenges does a digital age pose to the social contract that justjfjes the professional positjon of every speaker in this conference?

The foundatjonal theory must build, but may NOT depend, upon an understanding of academic literary, linguistjc, cultural, hermeneutjcal etc. theory.

Two Interlinked Questjons

• Each is necessary but not by itself suffjcient

Two Interlinked Questjons

• Each is necessary but not by itself suffjcient
• 1. How does digital philology change what we

can contribute to society?

Two Interlinked Questjons

• Each is necessary but not by itself suffjcient
• 1. How does digital philology change what we

can contribute to society?

• 2. How does the nature of our research change?

Leture ouverte à Madame le Ministre de l’Éducatjon natjonale, de l’Énseignement et de la Recherche,

• Mme. N. Vallaud-Belkacem, May 19, 2015,

by Franco Montanari, président de la Fédératjon internatjonale des associatjons d’études classiques

The 2012-13 Survey of Humanitjes Departments at Four-Year Instjtutjons (American Academy of Sciences)

htup://www.yale.edu/classics/downloads/YaleUndergraduateReadingList.pdf

Where does Big Data start?

• ~ 150,000 words -- Yale UG Reading List

(Greek, Latjn, or a 75K of each)

• ~ 1,000,000 words -- typical US PhD Greek and

Latjn Reading list

• ~ 20,000,000 words – aggregate Greek and

Latjn in the Loeb Classical Library

• ~ 100,000,000 words – Greek and Latjn thru c.

600 CE

• > 1,000,000,000 words – postclassical Greek

and Latjn

Friedrich Wolf, Die Darstellung von Althertumswissenschafu (July 1807)

1807: Napoleon, Friedrich Wolf

Treaty of Tilsit, July 2007

Prussia barely survives as a politjcal entjty – loses half its territory

Berlin, July 1807

Dedicated (at length) to Goethe

Eine Natjonal-Building …

• p. 883 (1869)

Arminius in Valhalla (Regensburg)

Präsident der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschafuen , 1927 – 1930 Eduard Schwartz, 1858-1940

Präsident der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschafuen , 1927 – 1930 1928 – supporter for Alfred Rosenberg’s Kampfverbund für deutsche Kultur Eduard Schwartz, 1858-1940

The Big Humanitjes

The Big Humanitjes in Germany and the US

The Big Humanitjes focus on artjculatjng natjonal identjty – and they have strong inward focusing tendencies.

The Big Humanitjes focus on artjculatjng natjonal identjty – and they have strong inward focusing tendencies. What happens when the Big Humanitjes become too powerful?

What happens when we balance the role of the Big Humanitjes with a broader view of humanity?

To study Greek and Latjn was to assert membership in a Republic of Letuers bigger than any Dukedom, Electorate, or Kingdom

To study Greek and Latjn was to assert membership in a Republic of Letuers bigger than any Dukedom, Electorate, or Kingdom The Republic of Letuers laid the foundatjons for the best elements

• f the European idea today, fragile

as it may be.

Gottgried Hermann

If one were to go into the lecture-room of the professor of Poetry and Eloquence at Leipsic, a few moments before the hour, he would see a crowd of the maturest scholars of the university, and of philologists who had been educated elsewhere, fjnding their seats, and preparing their papers, for taking notes. The hum of numerous whispering voices fjlls the room. An aged, but spirited man, of moderate stature, with fjre in his eyes, and fury in every movements, darts in at the door. The well-known signal, given by those nearest him, instantly silences a hundred tongues. By the tjme you hear his clinking spurs, and, as he mounts the stairs to the desk, your eye falls upon his blue coat, with metal butu tuons and badge of knighthood, his deer-skin breeches, and long riding boots. His whip and gloves, and hat and chair are all fmying to their places, and a stream of extemporaneous Latj tjn is already pouring forth. Before you are even aware of it, the ship is under full sail. the whole energy of the lecturer is directed to his

• bject; the point of diffjculty in the Greek text … is placed directly before you….

Leipzig in 1835, described by Barnas Sears, Classical Studies (Boston1843) pp. 28-29.

“Wahre Freude hatue er an dem Rituerkreuz des sächsischen Civilverdienstordens (1816)” Otuo Jahn, Gedächtnissrede (1849) p. 26

“Wahre Freude hatue er an dem Rituerkreuz des sächsischen Civilverdienstordens (1816)” Otuo Jahn, Gedächtnissrede (1849) p. 26 But …. He lectured in Latjn …

August Boeckh Modern Philology German Natjonalism Gottgried Hermann Linguistjc Philology Latjn Cosmopolitanism

My fundamental questjon: How can we help Greco-Roman culture contribute to the intellectual life of humanity?

My fundamental questjon: How can we help Greco-Roman culture contribute to the intellectual life of humanity?

This questjon, rigorously applied, challenges us to look beyond our

• wn language and culture to

humanity as a whole.

Greek and Latjn are not by themselves suffjcient to represent Classics, much less global philology

What does it mean to equate Classics or Klassische Philologie with the study of Greek and Latjn?

In case you think I am picking on Germany

Edward Everetu (1852)

In the comparatjvely brief period of about two hundred years, substantjally the same transformatjon has been brought about in a considerable part of our Western contjnent, which has been the work of fjfueen

• r twenty centuries in Europe. Within two hundred

years the barbarous natjve races have disappeared, and the children of civilized Europe and their descendants have succeeded to them ; and have introduced, as far as circumstances admitued, the culture of the old world, with all the improvements which have sprung from the novel and peculiar state

• f things here existjng. This, indeed, has been

accomplished in much less than two centuries

How do Greco-Roman studies contribute to 21st century Natjonalbildung?

• p. 883 (1869)

Greek and Latjn may not be suffjcient but they are necessary – intellectually, practjcally, and politjcally

Big Language (English, French, German, Italian) Dominatjon

Big Language (English, French, German, Italian) Dominatjon

What happened to speakers of Croatjan, Dutch, Lithuanian and other smaller European languages when the big Natjonalist Dialects displaced Latjn and asserted cultural-politjcal hegemony?

We caved into natjonalist thinking in the 19th and 20th centuries

We caved into natjonalist thinking in the 19th and 20th centuries

In the 21st century we stjll, in practjce, serve and reinforce natjonal thinking for the vast majority of those who study Greek and Latjn

Scholars of Greco-Roman culture are a trans-natjonal community in Europe (also Egyptology, Assyriology). We are never the Big Humanitjes (these are now always natjonal) but we have a strategic role that we CAN play.

But if Greek and Latjn are not suffjcient, they are essentjal

But if Greek and Latjn are not suffjcient, they are essentjal

• 1. The potentjal of reclaiming and transforming

the cosmopolitan Respublica Lituerarum

But if Greek and Latjn are not suffjcient, they are essentjal

• 1. The potentjal of reclaiming and transforming

the cosmopolitan Respublica Lituerarum

• 2. Numbers of students (and therefore of

faculty) in the fjrst world

But if Greek and Latjn are not suffjcient, they are essentjal

• 1. The potentjal of reclaiming and transforming

the cosmopolitan Respublica Lituerarum

• 2. Numbers of students (and therefore of

faculty) in the fjrst world

• 3. Development of resources – esp. open

resources

99.3% of Latjn students in Germany are in primary and secondary school

htups://www.destatjs.de/DE/Publikatjonen/Thematjsch/BildungForschungKultur/Schulen/ AllgemeinbildendeSchulen2110100117004.pdf?__blob=publicatjonFile and htups://www.destatjs.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschafuStaat/BildungForschungKultur/Sch ulen/Tabellen/AllgemeinBildendeBerufmicheSchulenFremdsprachUnterricht.html.

Latj tjn schüler in Germany 2010 807,839 2011 740,302 2012 705,407 Greek and Latj tjn Studierenden (2013) Greek 592 Latjn 4,268 Greek and Latjn (combined) 4,860

99.3% of Latjn students in Germany are in primary and secondary school

htups://www.destatjs.de/DE/Publikatjonen/Thematjsch/BildungForschungKultur/Schulen/ AllgemeinbildendeSchulen2110100117004.pdf?__blob=publicatjonFile and htups://www.destatjs.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschafuStaat/BildungForschungKultur/Sch ulen/Tabellen/AllgemeinBildendeBerufmicheSchulenFremdsprachUnterricht.html.

Latj tjn schüler in Germany 2010 807,839 2011 740,302 2012 705,407 Greek and Latj tjn Studierenden (2013) Greek 592 Latjn 4,268 Greek and Latjn (combined) 4,860 99.97% are NOT the c. 200 Lehrstuhlinhaber of Greco-Roman Philology, History, and Archaeology

99%+ German students live in a German bubble

99%+ US students live in an English bubble

99%+ Italian students live in an Italian bubble

99%+ French students live in a French bubble

99%+ Spanish students live in a Spanish bubble

The US Natjonal Greek Exam -- English

The Graecum and Latjnum -- German

Maximize partjcipatjon and ownership within and across individual natjons and societjes

How big is the market? In terms of actual expenditures, the Fantasy Sports Trade Associatjon – yes, there is a trade associatjon – estjmates that 32 million Americans spend $467 per person or about $15 billion in total playing. Roughly, 11 billion fmows toward football. These fjgures don’t count ad revenue for fantasy hostjng sites. The NFL’s annual revenue falls just under $10 billion

• currently. So the “derivatjve” market has grown

larger than the foundatjonal market.

htup://www.forbes.com/sites/briangofg/2013/08/20/the-70-billion-fantasy-football-market/

How big is the market? In terms of actual expenditures, the Fantasy Sports Trade Associatjon – yes, there is a trade associatjon – estjmates that 32 million Americans spend $467 per person or about $15 billion in total playing. Roughly, 11 billion fmows toward football. These fjgures don’t count ad revenue for fantasy hostjng sites. The NFL’s annual revenue falls just under $10 billion

• currently. So the “derivatjve” market has grown

larger than the foundatjonal market.

htup://www.forbes.com/sites/briangofg/2013/08/20/the-70-billion-fantasy-football-market/

How big is the market? In terms of actual expenditures, the Fantasy Sports Trade Associatjon – yes, there is a trade associatjon – estjmates that 32 million Americans spend $467 per person or about $15 billion in total playing. Roughly, 11 billion fmows toward football. These fjgures don’t count ad revenue for fantasy hostjng sites. The NFL’s annual revenue falls just under $10 billion

• currently. So the “derivatjve” market has grown

larger than the foundatjonal market.

htup://www.forbes.com/sites/briangofg/2013/08/20/the-70-billion-fantasy-football-market/

The FSTA [Fantasy Sports Trade Associatjon] estjmates that the average fantasy gamer spends 3 hours per week managing a team(s), translatjng to 1.2 billion hours for 23 million players over a 17 week season.

htup://www.forbes.com/sites/briangofg/2013/08/20/the-70-billion-fantasy-football-market/

Topics of Research

Topics of Research

• Personalized Hermeneutjcs – who knows

what? (Cognitjve Sciences)

Topics of Research

• Personalized Hermeneutjcs – who knows

what? (Cognitjve Sciences)

• Theorizing the social contract for the study of

the past

Topics of Research

• Personalized Hermeneutjcs – who knows

what? (Cognitjve Sciences)

• Theorizing the social contract for the study of

the past

• Citjzen Science and Global Citjzens

Topics of Research

• Personalized Hermeneutjcs – who knows

what? (Cognitjve Sciences)

• Theorizing the social contract for the study of

the past

• Citjzen Science and Global Citjzens
• Receptjon of Greco-Roman studies of every

kind

Topics of Research

• Personalized Hermeneutjcs – who knows

what? (Cognitjve Sciences)

• Theorizing the social contract for the study of

the past

• Citjzen Science and Global Citjzens
• Receptjon of Greco-Roman studies of every

kind

• New technologies (e.g., Greek OCR, textreuse

detectjon etc.)

A Postsecondary Approach

Automated/Collaboratjve Linguistjc Annotatjon

~ Leipzig Glossing rules (ancient Egyptjan above)

To study Greek and/or Latjn should immediately and pervasively connect each student to a larger transnatjonal and even trans- European culture

Language-independent tasks: e.g. morpho-syntactj tjc analysis

Greek/Croatjan -- Aligned translatjons (Plato Rep. 330)

Greek/Croatjan -- Aligned translatjons (Plato Rep. 330)

Greek/Croatjan -- Aligned translatjons (Plato Rep. 330)

Do you do Greco-Roman Studies or do you do Classical Studies?

Greco-Roman World c. 200 CE

htups://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/fjles/2013/08/n3LCXYT.jpg

Greco-Roman World c. 200 CE

htups://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/fjles/2013/08/n3LCXYT.jpg

What is the most important contemporary language in this Greco-Roman world?

Greco-Roman World c. 200 CE

htups://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/fjles/2013/08/n3LCXYT.jpg

Are English, French, German, Italian enough? What about Arabic? Turkish?

July 2015 letuer form an Egyptjan colleague asking to add Arabic

“I wouldn't exaggerate If I told you that I would feel myself guilty If some day one of these students grow up and imitate what ISIS had done to the archaeological sites in Iraq, because he didn't appreciate it. Why he doesn't appreciate it? Simply because he doesn't understand what was there. And why again? because most of the sources are not accessible; either they are in reality (there in Egypt) secured in magazines that in the near future, due to many reasons that beyond this email, won't open even to scholars like you and me !, or it is presented online ( virtually ) with languages that he doesn't

• understand. This was the past and to somewhat the present,

but do you want that this would be our shared future ?”

What is the role for Greco-Roman Studies in Europe? Is it a self-standing fjeld or closely integrated with a true Classical Studies? Remember Goethe and Weltliteratur

The Politjcal World c. 200 CE

htups://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/fjles/2013/08/n3LCXYT.jpg

Open Data

• Open Philology
• Open Greek and Latjn
• Open Persian
• …
• Open data as a preconditjon for scalable

research

• Your library system shifus from importjng to

curatjng

• Languages of Classical Scholarship in 1975

• Languages of Classical Scholarship in 1975

– English, French, German, Italian

• Languages of Classical Scholarship in 1975

– English, French, German, Italian

• What should a US/European student startjng

in 2015 imagine?

• Languages of Classical Scholarship in 1975

– English, French, German, Italian

• What should a US/European student startjng

in 2015 imagine?

– What about Mandarin? Arabic? Hindi? Persian?

What is the world that you wish to build?

• Languages of Classical Scholarship in 1975

– English, French, German, Italian

• What should a US/European student startjng

in 2015 imagine?

– What about Mandarin? Arabic? Hindi? Persian?

Thank you!