CS 451 Software Engineering Winter 2009 Yuanfang Cai Room 104, University Crossings 215.895.0298 yfcai@cs.drexel.edu 1 Drexel University
Validation and Verification Validation: a set of activities that ensures that the software that has been built is traceable to customer requirements. Are we building the right product? Verification: the set of activities the ensures that software correctly implements a specific function. Are we building the product right? Drexel University
Testing Testing only reveals the presence of defects Does not identify nature and location of defects Identifying & removing the defect => role of debugging and rework Preparing test cases, performing testing, defects identification & removal all consume effort Overall testing becomes very expensive : 30- 50% development cost Drexel University
Levels of Testing The code contains requirement defects, design defects, and coding defects Nature of defects is different for different injection stages One type of testing will be unable to detect the different types of defects Different levels of testing are used to uncover these defects Drexel University
Levels of Testing Acceptance testing User needs Requirement System testing specification Design Integration testing code Unit testing Drexel University
Unit Testing Drexel University
Unit Testing Different modules tested separately Focus: defects injected during coding Essentially a code verification technique, covered in previous chapter UT is closely associated with coding Frequently the programmer does UT; coding phase sometimes called “coding and unit testing” Drexel University
Testing Strategies Unit Testing – focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of software design. (The component or module) Considerations: The module interface is tested to ensure that information properly flows into and out of the program unit under test. All independent paths through the control structure are exercised to ensure that all statements in a module have been executed at least once. Boundary conditions are tested to ensure that the module operates properly. Error handling paths are tested. 8 Drexel University
Testing Strategies Unit Testing Procedure Unit testing is normally considered as an adjunct to the coding step. Design of tests can be done before coding begins (Agile programming) 9 Drexel University
Testing Strategies Unit Testing Procedure Since each component is not a stand alone program, a bit of work must be done to perform the test. Create a driver, usually a main program, that accepts test case data and passes it to the component to be tested. It also may print relevant results. Stubs replace modules that may not be coded and are subordinate to the component to be tested. A stub may do minimum data manipulation , provides verification of entry, and returns control to the module undergoing testing. Unit testing is simpler when modules are highly cohesive. 10 Drexel University
Integration Testing Drexel University
Integration Testing Focuses on interaction of modules in a subsystem Unit tested modules combined to form subsystems Test cases to “exercise” the interaction of modules in different ways May be skipped if the system is not too large Drexel University
Integration Testing Why is unit testing not enough? Data can be lost across an interface. One module can have an inadvertent effect on another. Global data structures can present problems Individually acceptable imprecision may become magnified. Integration testing is a systematic technique for constructing the software architecture while at the same time conducting tests to uncover errors associated with interfacing. The objective is to take unit tested components and build a program structure that has been dictated by design. Drexel University
Integration Testing There is a tendency to attempt nonincremental integration – construct the whole program via a “big- bang” approach. Thus to combine all components at once and test it as an entire program. Top Down Integration is an incremental approach to construction of the software architecture. Modules are integrated by moving downward through the control hierarchy, beginning with the main control module. Drexel University
Top Down Integration Modules subordinate to the main control module are incorporated into the structure in either a depth first or breath first manner. Drexel University
Integration Testing The integration process is preformed in five steps: The main control module is used as a test driver, and 1. stubs are substituted for all components directly subordinate to the main control module. Depending on the integration approach selected (i.e. 2. depth or breath first), subordinate stubs are replaced one at a time with actual components. Tests are conducted as each component is integrated. 3. On completion of each set of tests, another stub is 4. replaced with the real component. Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that 5. new errors have not been introduced. Drexel University
Bottom Up Integration Begins construction and testing with atomic modules. Since all subordinates are always available, there is no need for stubs. Bottom up integration follows the following steps: Low-level components are combined into clusters that perform a 1. specific software subfunction. A driver (control program for testing) is written to coordinate test 2. cases input and output. The cluster is tested. 3. Drivers are removed and clusters are combined moving upward 4. in the program structure. One major disadvantage of bottom up integration is that the program as an entity does not exist until the last module is added. Drexel University
Bottom Up Integration Drexel University
System Testing Entire software system is tested Focus: does the software implement the requirements? Validation exercise for the system with respect to the requirements Generally the final testing stage before the software is delivered May be done by independent people Defects removed by developers Most time consuming test phase Drexel University
Acceptance Testing Focus: Does the software satisfy user needs? Generally done by end users/customer in customer environment, with real data Only after successful AT software is deployed Any defects found,are removed by developers Acceptance test plan is based on the acceptance test criteria in the SRS Drexel University
Other forms of testing Performance testing tools needed to “measure” performance Stress testing load the system to peak, load generation tools needed Regression testing test that previous functionality works alright important when changes are made Previous test records are needed for comparisons Prioritization of testcases needed when complete test suite cannot be executed for a change Drexel University
Regression Testing Drexel University
Regression Testing Each time a new module is added, the software changes. These changes may cause problems with functions that previously worked. Therefore, we must re-execute some subset of tests that were already conducted to ensure that changes have not propagated unintended side effects. Any time you test, if successful you will find errors. When those errors are corrected, software changes. Therefore, regression testing must be performed in order to ensure that those changes did not propagate unintended side effects. Regression tests may be conducted manually – I do not recommend this. Drexel University
System Testing Recovery Testing – most computer-based systems must recover from faults and resume processing within a prespecified time. Recovery testing is a system test that forces the software to fail in a variety of ways and verifies that recovery is properly preformed. Drexel University
Security Testing Any computer system that manages sensitive information or causes actions that can improperly harm or benefit individuals is a target for improper or illegal penetration. Lot’s of security issues. Security testing verifies that protection mechanisms built into the system will, in fact, protect it from improper penetration. Drexel University
Security Testing During security testing, the tester plays the role(s) of individual who desires to penetrate the system. Usually it’s not the software, but people issues. People often give out secure information. No system can truly protect against this 100%. Drexel University
Stress Testing So far all testing assumed normal program functions and performance. Stress tests are designed to confront programs with abnormal quantity, frequency, or volume. Multiple interrupts per second Increased data rate Test max memory Excessive disk hunting Drexel University
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