Corp 4220R Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) - Regional IaaS - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
08 March 2019 Corp 4220R Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) - Regional IaaS Regional 8 March 2019 Agenda Presented By Safety and Evacuation Introduction John Ratone Commercial Process John Ratone SD&L Martin Sabelo/Rojane Qacha
Agenda Presented By Safety and Evacuation Introduction John Ratone Commercial Process John Ratone SD&L Martin Sabelo/Rojane Qacha Safety Requirements Pumeza Mabunda Quality Requirements Sipho Sambo Infrastructure as a service (Regional) Technical Scope and Evaluation Chris Pillay Infrastructure as a Service (Regional) Pricing Model Rendani Nevondo/Themba Thwala Closing John Ratone
011 800 6512
answered in writing to all the bidders.
01 Maxwell Drive, Sunninghill Northside
Electronic documents should be in a read only format in MS Word and MS Excel to enable cut and paste of content. The Excel spreadsheets must be in electronic format The spreadsheets are to be completed and sent back as returnable.
Three copies: Two hard copies, being an original and one copy and a CD/flash disk. The
copies must be the exact replica of the originals. Please note: Annexure O (The pricing workbook) MUST be submitted in excel format.
1 Electronic documents should be in a read only format in MS Word and MS Excel to enable cut and paste of content.
File A–Commercial response File B–Technical response File C–Pricing response Original (Hardcopy) Documents Duplicate Hardcopy
1 1 1 1 1 1
Flash Disk (with file A,B & C)
1
Description
Acknowledgement Form Annexure A Tenderers Particulars Annexure B Integrity Pack Declaration Form Annexure C Pre-qualification(SD&L Matrix) Refer to Annexure D Confirmation of receipt of addenda to enquiry doc Annexure H SBD 1 (Part A and Part B) Annexure I SBD 6.1 (Preference Point Claim form) Annexure J Technical Returnable Template Annexure K & 2K Technical Evaluation Criteria Annexure M Master Service Agreement (MSA) Annexure N Pricing Schedule Annexure O Additional Documents required in the event of a joint venture Signed sub-contracting intent agreement to submitted on closing date
NOTE: Tenders will be disqualified if the above mandatory tender returnables are not submitted on the tender submission deadline (26 March 2019, at 10h00 SA time) Description B-BBEE certificate of the main Tenderer Acknowledgement of Section 197
Procurement Policy Frame Act, No 5 of 2000 (PPPFA)
Mandatory requirements
these requirements not be met, the tender will be deemed non-responsive, and therefore disqualified. Basic Compliance
1 Indicative date
Special Condition of Tender The following special conditions of tender are applicable:
provider with local presence;
The selling price and the terms of the sale will be determined after the conclusion of the assets valuation by an independent party);
CFO duly signed. The information contained in the technical returnable template ( Annexure K) must be transcribed onto the customer company’s letterhead and be signed by the customer’s CIO or CFO; and
the Labour Relations Act, 66 of 1995 will apply. The response shall be on the company’s
1 Indicative date
for the hybrid IT transformation program are bundled as follows: The required Services for the hybrid IT transformation program are bundled as follows:
Note: Suppliers can tender for all the various categories stated above, however, the tenderer that is successful in CORP 4178R will only be considered for CORP 4179R and shall be excluded from consideration for all other hybrid IT tenders.
Category A Category B Category C
1 Indicative date
supplier the opportunity to choose the category(s) they prefer during the negotiations
deemed to have submitted an unacceptable tender and will be disqualified for the hybrid IT transformation program are bundled as follows:
Detailed on next page
Functionality Functionality will be evaluated on a total weight of 100% with a minimum threshold of 80%. The following is a breakdown of the Functionality criteria Tenders who do not meet the overall minimum threshold (80%) will not be evaluated further
Evaluation Category Evaluation Category Weighting Ability to meet the stated service levels 45% Transition and Execution 10% 45% Ability to meet the scope of work required
Detailed on next page
(a) price which will be allocated 90 points and (b) B-BBEE status which will be allocated 10 points Note: Eskom reserves its right to:
highest ranked supplier, in line with Section (2) (1) (f) of the PPPFA Financial Evaluation
meet contractual obligations.
16 SOURCE: SD&L
Pre-qualification The following pre-qualification criteria are applicable herein:
must be submitted on or before the closing date tender)
QSEs (Level 1-2) in accordance with paragraphs 4(1)(c)(i to vii) and 4(2) of the PPPFA regulations 2017.Details of the Sub-contractor to be submitted with the tender, including the name, registration documents, ID copies of shareholders /directors and BBBEE status of the subcontractor (for more details, refer to Annexure D).
Database (CSD). It is the responsibility of Tenderer to select a competent Sub-contractor that meets all requirements of the tender.
In addition to the above companies should also submit the following documents
groups, registration documents, ID copies of shareholders/directors of subcontractor
If not submitted by tender submission deadline, the tenderer will be disqualified
form of being part of it or related in any form that my constitute conflict or whether by shareholders or directors. Any relationship that constitutes conflict shall result in the tenderer being disqualified Tenderers who do not meet the minimum pre-qualification criteria, will be deemed an unacceptable tender and be disqualified.
Weight (%) Total Target (%) Proposed Target (%) Total Overall Weighted Score 20.00% 100.00% 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 0.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% 10.00% 10.00% 0.00% 10.00% 10.00% 0.00% 30.00% 0.00% 100.00% Skill Type (Occupation) OFO Occupational Group Weight (%) Target Number
Trained (Local to South Africa) Proposed Number of Persons to be Trained (Local to South Africa) Target Number
Trained (Local to Site) Proposed Number of Persons to be Trained (Local to Site) Total Weighted Score Virtualisation administrator
10.00%
20 0.00% Virtualisation analyst
10.00%
15 0.00% Network Analyst
15.00%
15 0.00% Service Technician, Maintenance & Support
15.00%
20 0.00% Windows server analyst
10.00%
15 0.00% Windows server administrator
15.00%
20 0.00% Unix / Linus administrator
10.00%
20 0.00% Unix / Linus analyst
15.00%
15 0.00% Total 100.00% 140 140 0.00%
To be completed by Tenderer
Number of jobs to be created as a result
Number of jobs to be retained as a result
0.00% TABLE 2: SKILLS DEVELOPMENT COMPLIANCE MATRIX Total Supplier Development and Localisation Score Procurement from BYO Procurement from BWO Procurement from BO Skills Development Total Score Procurement from BPwD TABLE 1: SUPPLIER DEVELOPMENT AND LOCALISATION COMPLIANCE MATRIX FOR SUPPLIERS AND CONTRACTORS Criteria Local Content to South Africa Local Content Local to Site
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Eskom requires the services of a Cloud service provider, with a local presence that will be responsible for providing a Hybrid Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) offering, to support Eskom’s production, quality assurance, development and disaster recovery computing
managed, and supported platform i.e. The Supplier must take over Eskom’s existing IT infrastructure and supply it back as a service. Eskom requires an IaaS offering that delivers the following services:
The environments in the scope of this RFP are defined as follows: Baseline Environment - Eskom’s currently allocated and utilized computing resources on- premise, including any associated disaster recovery environments, as per Eskom’s
is described Appendix A On-premise private IaaS - This environment must be provisioned on demand for future private
as per Eskom’s specification. Off-premise private IaaS - This environment must be provisioned on demand for future private
as per Eskom’s specification. Public IaaS - This environment must be provisioned on demand for future computing requirements that may be deployed on public cloud platforms including any associated disaster recovery environments, as per Eskom’s specification.
Baseline Environment - Eskom’s currently allocated and utilized computing resources on- premise, including any associated disaster recovery environments, as per Eskom’s specification. This encompasses both physical and virtualized environments
Data Centres:
infrastructure is hosted in server rooms at power stations and corporate offices. The Data Centres that form part of the Regional sites are listed below:
# Name Physical Address 1 Bellville 60 Voortrekker Road, Basement Floor, Eskom Building, Bellville, 7530 2 Bloemfontein 1st floor Eskom Centre, 120 Henry Street, Westdene, Bloemfontein, 9301 3 Brackenfell Evkom Road, Brackenfell 4 Duvha Duvha P/Station, Bethal Road, Witbank, 1034 5 Duvha Stabnac SOC Duvha, Duvha Power station, Bethal Road, Witbank 6 East London Eskom SOC, Cnr Bonza Bay Road & Quenera Drive, Beacon Bay, East London, 5241 7 Enterprise Park Sunilaws Office Park, C/R Quenera Drive & Bonza Bay Road, Beacon Bay, 5241 9 Mkondeni 1 Portland Road, Mkondeni 11 Polokwane 30 Hans van Rensburg street, Polokwane, 0700 12 Rosherville Lower Germiston Rd, Rosherville, 2002 13 Sanhill Eglin Road, Sunninghill 14 Simmerpan - Distribution Cnr.Power Refinery RD Germiston 15 Simmerpan - Transmission 3d Floor core, ESKOM National Control Building, Simmerpan, cnr of Lake (called Refinery on some maps) and Power street, Germiston 16 Witbank Cnr Watermeyer & Jellicoe Street, Eskom Park, Witbank, 1035
Networks:
connections into the Eskom Network will be established via a vendor neutral site.
Service Provider to the vendor neutral site must be provided and managed by the Cloud Service Provider.
connection to Eskom internal systems for integration purposes.
network (except for the Public IaaS environment).
Backups: Eskom leverages on its Enterprise backup environment for all backup requirements. The Supplier will be responsible for providing/provisioning backups for all application environments and end-point (laptops, desktops etc) devices in the landscape that require
as well as the maintenance and support of the backup services. Eskom utilises NetBackup software for the backup of its servers/application environments and Commvault software for the backup of its End-Point devices.
Backups: Figure 2: Backup Infrastructure Landscape Refer to Appendix A of RFP for a detailed description of the backup hardware and schedule
Backup Infrastructure Overview:
Device Description Quantity Applicable Sites MSDP 33 All Power Station Media Servers: x86 10 Regional(7 Traditional DX Sites) Master servers: x86 8 Regional(7 Traditional DX Sites) Backup Storage: Quantum + HP + Huawei 11 Regional(7 Traditional DX Sites) Tape Library: HP + Quantum 9 Regional(7 Traditional DX Sites) Table 2: Backup Infrastructure
Backup Infrastructure Overview: The Supplier will be responsible for the implementation of backup and recovery solution as well as the maintenance and support of the backup services. Backup schedule required: Please refer to Appendix A
End-Point Backup Infrastructure Overview: The End-point Solution is a centralised solution with Media Agents (servers) deployed in the regions to backup the regional end-point devices. Data is replicated from the regional Media Agents to the Replication Targets in Central. The Hybrid Cloud IaaS Supplier for Central will support and manage the back-end solution however the Regional Hybrid Cloud IaaS Supplier is expected to manage and support the regional Media agents (listed in the table below).
Device Role Quantity Location CommCell Server (Console) 1 Central Replication Targets 4 Central Media Agent 9 Regional 2 Central
Table: End-Point Backup Infrastructure
Backups: End-Point Backup Landscape Overview Figure: End-Point Backup Infrastructure Landscape Refer to Appendix A of RFP for a detailed description of the backup hardware and schedule
Storage:
allocated as depicted below.
environments in the landscape.
Figure 3: Tiered Storage Model
Storage Infrastructure Overview:
Array Types Array Count T0 (TB) T1 (TB) T2 (TB) T3 (TB) Total (TB) 3Par 7200 16 676 676 3Par 7400 7 43 106 208 409 765 3Par 8200 2 4 70 74 StoreVirtual 3200 4 33 33 XIV Gen3 2 213 213 Grand Total 31 47 1 064 240 409 1 761
Table 5: Disk array Type Infrastructure
Storage Infrastructure Overview:
SVC Detail:
Model Number CG8 14 Grand Total 14
Table 6: IBM SVC Detail SAN Equipment Detail:
Model Number Brocade 5100 14 Brocade 6510 4 Grand Total 18
Table 7: SAN Equipment Detail
Server Landscape: Eskom uses physical and virtual servers based on Windows, Linux or UNIX both in stand-alone and in cluster configurations. The Supplier should have skills in the following technology areas to support Eskom’s Servers (including but not limited to):
Table 1: Infrastructure Technology Standards
CPU Architecture Operating Systems Virtualization Storage X86 Windows Server VM Ware Tier 0 (SSD) Non X86(RISC) Linux
Oracle Virtual Machine Manager Tier 1 Unix
Power VM Tier 2 Hyper V Tier 3
Server Infrastructure Overview:
Hardware Type Count of OS X86 Physical 801 LINUX 2 ORACLE LINUX 25 SUSE LINUX 36 VMWARE ESX 162 WINDOWS SERVER 573 XEN SERVER 3 VIRTUAL RISC 27 AIX 27 X86 VIRTUAL 1535 LINUX 1 ORACLE LINUX 202 RED HAT LINUX 12 SUSE LINUX 64 UNKNOWN 66 VMWARE ESX 2 WINDOWS SERVER 1188 Grand Total 2363
Table 8: AS-IS view of the server infrastructure
Hardware Type Count of OS/SIZE X86 Physical 801 Large (9+ CPU's) 53 LINUX 39 WINDOWS SERVER 14 Medium (4-8 CPU's) 17 WINDOWS SERVER 17 Small (1-4 CPU's) 731 LINUX 24 VMWARE ESX 165 WINDOWS SERVER 542 Physical RISC VIRTUAL RISC 27 Large 2 UNIX 2 Medium 2 UNIX 2 Small 23 UNIX 23 X86 VIRTUAL 1535 Large 54 LINUX 2 WINDOWS SERVER 52 Medium 140 LINUX 45 WINDOWS SERVER 95 Small 1341 LINUX 234 VMWARE ESX 2 WINDOWS SERVER 1105 Grand Total 2363
Table 9: AS-IS Sizing view of the server infrastructure
The following are the key high-level service objectives Eskom expects to achieve through
ISO27000, POPI, and Six Sigma).
penalties in the form of fee reductions with full earn-back opportunities.
commercial price performance.
Personnel: The Provider will be responsible for providing appropriately skilled staffing to meet all cloud IaaS services, roles and responsibilities with the relevant service levels set forth in the SOW. Policies, Procedures and Standards: The Supplier needs to adhere to Eskom’s Information Security Policy and Eskom Architecture Standards.
Licensing Agreements: The subscription software licenses that are coupled with the Infrastructure within scope are deemed included as part of the asset sale. These include the Operating System and Security software. Virtualisation, Backup and Storage Software will be offered for use by the Supplier. The Supplier is responsible for paying support and maintenance fees for these licences. These fees will be
and Storage Software at their own cost and also pay Support fees. Hardware maintenance and support will be the responsibility of the Supplier for the duration of the contract. Eskom will terminate the current hardware maintenance and support agreements with the OEMs/vendors from the effective date. Both the licenses and hardware maintenance and support agreements will be deemed included as part of the asset sale provided it is within the bounds of the legal contract with the current OEMs/vendors.
public IaaS environment.
infrastructure and the Private/Public Cloud Services.
Eskom for the required services using the RASCI chart approach.
These activities, include but are not limited to planning and analysis, service-level monitoring and reporting, and performance management.
General roles and responsibilities: The following services are required to be provided by the Supplier:
environment and activities for the cloud environment.
Operations, Administration and Management roles and responsibilities: Operations and administration services are the activities associated with the day-to-day management of the cloud IaaS computing environment.
and processing procedures to ensure services meet SLA targets.
Maintenance and Refresh Services roles and responsibilities: Maintenance and Refresh services are the preventative maintenance activities performed to ensure that IaaS service is stable and will not fail. Its also includes the operational activities needed to support Eskom’s ongoing development and project activities
Eskom’s Policies and directions.
agents and other non-OS related software. Cloud Computing Services roles and responsibilities:
computing environment.
not fail.
Storage and Data Management Services roles and responsibilities:
day-to-day management of the installed storage and data environment.
(RAID), storage area network (SAN), network-attached storage (NAS), and tape and optical.
to ensure services meet SLR targets and requirements.
environment, including the associated backup media. Cloud Storage and Data Management Services roles and responsibilities
day-to-day management of the installed storage and data environment.
complementary to a compute offering. Block and object storage services are the most common offerings found in the industry. Block storage services typically are not exposed via the internet, whereas object services typically are. For further descriptions on the above storage services refer to the SOW.
to ensure services meet SLR targets and requirements.
Network Management:
into the Eskom Network will be established via a vendor neutral site. Eskom will extend its network to the vendor neutral site and connectivity from the Cloud Service Provider to the vendor neutral site must be highly available and provided and managed by the Cloud Service Provider. Connectivity from the vendor neutral site to Eskom will be highly available and provided and managed by Eskom.
provided by Eskom. All Network management services for the off-premise Private cloud and public environments will be provided by the Cloud Service Provider. Network Management Services roles and responsibilities:
includes interconnectivity of networks across a geographically dispersed telecommunications network.
efficiency of data flow across a Wide Area Network (WAN). The objective of WAN Optimisation is to reduce bandwidth cost and optimise the response time of critical applications and information by using technologies like caching and compression.
Data Centre LAN and application centric infrastructure. Cloud Network Services roles and responsibilities:
customers simultaneously. Therefore, the networking of all IaaS components is crucial to the overall viability
Information Security Management Services roles and responsibilities:
an organisation’s business and IT environment to help safeguard and maintain the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. This covers the following Information Security Management Services:
feedback function of patch updates throughout Eskom’s IT infrastructure environment, as per the contracted service. This Service applies to the server operating system level.
management, monitoring and feedback function of anti-malware signature files and updates throughout Eskom’s IT infrastructure environment, as per the contracted services. Anti- malware includes, but is not limited to Anti-virus, Host Intrusion Detection and Prevention System, Host-based firewall and advanced persistent threat protection.
and mitigation of vulnerabilities.
Information Security Services offered by the Provider in its security catalogue. Cloud Information Security Management Services roles and responsibilities
platform.
Incident and Problem Management:
resolve Incidents and to proactively close identified Problems.
Incident types and defines four priority levels of Incidents, depending on the level of severity: Priority 1, Priority 2, Priority 3 and Priority 4. Refer to the SOW for further detail.
Provider for incident and problem management.
Configuration tracking:
assets and their configuration are properly tracked. Capacity and Performance Management:
performance of services running on the IaaS Platform can deliver in accordance with the agreed Target Service Levels in a cost effective and timely manner, within the agreed Performance Standards. Eskom requires component level capacity and performance management to cover CPU, Memory, Network, etc.). Customer Satisfaction: The Supplier shall implement a process to manage customer satisfaction.
Disaster Recovery Services:
providing prioritised IT Service Continuity and Disaster Recovery Services for Eskom applications in respect of the infrastructure associated to the applications i.e. servers, storage/data and backup infrastructure. The Supplier will provide Disaster Recovery Services according to Eskom’s Disaster Recovery Plan, in respect of the infrastructure under the Supplier's control.
Hosting Services: Hosting services encompasses the supply and management of a hosting facility. A hosting facility is a Datacentre that houses an organisation's IT infrastructure, including servers, storage and networking equipment. The facility is vital to the continuity of daily operations. All Hybrid Cloud IaaS infrastructure is hosted in Datacentres/server rooms to support Eskom’s daily operations. The following Datacentres/servers rooms are in scope: 1. Baseline Environment: Eskom will supply and manage the hosting facilities for all baseline environments excluding the disaster recovery environment. 2. Eskom’s disaster recovery environment is hosted by our current Supplier at their hosting
available from the effective date until the end of the Transition Period. Post the transition period, the Supplier must continue providing the Disaster Recovery services without any break in service. The Supplier is required to independently contract with the current DR facility owner. The Supplier is not restricted from utilising another DR facility of their choice for DR hosting. DR Facilities should meet minimum requirements prescribed below. Costs of migration to a new DR Facility should also be indicated upfront and mutually agreed upon. 3. On-premise private IaaS: Eskom will supply and manage the hosting facilities for all On- premise private IaaS environment. 4. Off-premise private IaaS: The Supplier must supply and manage the hosting facilities for all Off-premise private IaaS environment. 5. Public IaaS: The Supplier must supply and manage the hosting facilities for all Public IaaS environment. The above-mentioned environments must be hosted within the borders of South Africa.
Inclusions: Eskom has infrastructure located in central that will be supported by the central Hybrid Cloud IaaS Supplier and infrastructure located in the regions that will be supported by the regional Hybrid Cloud IaaS Supplier. Eskom has IT solutions deployed on this infrastructure that span across the central and regional locations i.e. the solutions are deployed on infrastructure located in central that are linked to infrastructure located in the regions. For these types of IT solutions, the central and regional Hybrid Cloud IaaS Supplier are expected to collaborate with each other for server, storage and backup related matters and vice-versa. The Cross Functional Services Supplier is dependent on input from the IaaS Supplier to deliver
Exclusions: The following items are specifically excluded from this SOW:
tasks for application is included)
tasks for databases is included)
plan during a Disaster or DR test is included, as well as the provision of technical information for the development of the plan)
excluded from the asset sale.
Hybrid IaaS SLRs:
enterprise-grade hosting requirements on the Baseline, Private and Public Cloud platforms. Eskom’s expectations for service performance are described in detail in the SOW and in Appendix B.
described in Appendix B.
environment.
rating methodology is Standard, Advanced, Premium. The supplied CMDB file has the conversation already shown under the SLA column.
IaaS Support Description of the Main Service KPI’s
Management
Availability - System uptime (excluding scheduled downtime)
Maintenance and Refresh
Mean time to apply approved patches (from time of approval to install) Serviceability - Mean Time to Restore (MTTR) 99% of devices Reliability - Number of repeat allowed faults on a CI per quarter Mean time to provision a virtual server and associated storage and backups (if required) Mean time to decommission a physical server from final approval
Incident and Problem Management
Mean time to resolve tickets Mean time to resolve critical (P1) incident Mean time to resolve major (P2) incident Mean time to resolve minor (P3&P4) incident Mean time to submit reports Mean time to submit the information for the first draft Root Cause Analysis Report (from resolution of the incident)
Information Security
Anti-malware agents deployed and active on entire estate Mean time to apply approved security patches (from time of approval to install) Mean time to conduct vulnerabilities scans and remediate findings
Configuration management
Mean time to provide information regarding any update on system configuration to enable the update
Customer Satisfaction
Minimum percentage of satisfied users
IaaS Support Description of the Main Service KPI’s
Inclusions
Input to Service Improvement Plans Delivery on Adhoc reports when requested Report on recalls for resolved Incidents Report on the number of incidents caused by change requests Update information about Problems, workarounds and resolutions in the Knowledge Management System and the Known Error Database Report on the number of incidents caused by threshold breaches relating to capacity and performance management Detailed list in Appendix B
IaaS Support Description of the Main Service KPI’s
Management
Availability - System uptime (excluding scheduled downtime)
Maintenance and Refresh
Mean time to apply approved patches (from time of approval to install) Serviceability - Mean Time to Restore (MTTR) 99% of devices Reliability - Number of repeat allowed faults on a CI per quarter Mean time to provision a virtual server and associated storage and backups (if required)
Incident and Problem Management
Mean time to resolve tickets Mean time to resolve critical (P1) incident Mean time to resolve major (P2) incident Mean time to resolve minor (P3&P4) incident Mean time to submit reports Mean time to submit the information for the first draft Root Cause Analysis Report (from resolution of the incident)
Information Security
Anti-malware agents deployed and active on entire estate Mean time to apply approved security patches (from time of approval to install) Mean time to conduct vulnerabilities scans and remediate findings
Configuration management
Mean time to provide information regarding any update on system configuration to enable the update
Customer Satisfaction
Minimum percentage of satisfied users
IaaS Support Description of the Main Service KPI’s
Cloud Network Availability
Availability of the Network connectivity and network components that the Provider is responsible for
Cloud Network Services Performance
Network traffic performance across regions must achieve the following sustained metrics between two regions: Ping round-trip time (RTT) less than or equal to 75 milliseconds (ms) Network traffic performance across regions must achieve the following sustained metrics between two regions: Transfer of a 1GB file over Secure Copy (SCP) at a speed greater than or equal to 2 MB/sec.
Inclusions
Input to Service Improvement Plans Delivery on Adhoc reports when requested Report on recalls for resolved Incidents Report on the number of incidents caused by change requests Update information about Problems, workarounds and resolutions in the Knowledge Management System and the Known Error Database Report on the number of incidents caused by threshold breaches relating to capacity and performance management Detailed list in Appendix B
Planning, Coordination and Management of Integrated Transition and Transformation projects:
transition of the service
projects
even if the Supplier chooses not to conduct the Due Diligence exercise.
Eskom and not for any pricing adjustments relating to the services or assets.
Technical Returnables: