Theoretical Biology 2016
Chapter 1
Introduction
Rob de Boer, Theoretical Biology UU
Chapter 1 Introduction Rob de Boer, Theoretical Biology UU What - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Theoretical Biology 2016 Chapter 1 Introduction Rob de Boer, Theoretical Biology UU What will you learn in the modeling part of the course? Read mathematical models and interpret them Analyze model to increase intuition about a biological
Rob de Boer, Theoretical Biology UU
Read mathematical models and interpret them Analyze model to increase intuition about a biological system Be an informed reader of modeling papers Use a computer to simulate models A new approach to think about complex biological systems Mathematics is no more, but no less, than a way of thinking clearly (Robert M May, Science 2004) Systems biology...is about putting together rather than taking apart, integration rather than reduction (Denis Noble, 2006)
Draagkrachtberekening
100 200 300 400 500 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Heckrunderen ouder dan 1 jaar Nakomelingen ouder dan 1 jaar Sterfte en afschotHeckrunderen in de Oostvaardersplassen
NRC 111210 / RL / BRON: ICMO2How much does the shooting of animals reduce their death by starvation?
20 40 60 50 100 150 200 Percentage labelled Time (days) CD4 M (a) Healthy
Time in days Percentage deuterium
After 9 weeks about 30% of the cells is labelled. What is now their expected life span? How frequently do these cells divide? Percentage deuterium
20 40 60 50 100 150 200 Percentage labelled Time (days) CD4 M (a) Healthy
Time in days Percentage deuterium
After 9 weeks about 30% of the cells is labelled. What is now their expected life span? How frequently do these cells divide? Percentage deuterium
(a) Lactose absent, repressor active, operon off DNA Protein
Active repressor
RNA polymerase Regulatory gene Promoter Operator mRNA 5 3 No RNA made lacI lacZ
(b) Lactose present, repressor inactive, operon on mRNA Protein DNA mRNA 5 Inactive repressor Allolactose (inducer) 5 3 RNA polymerase Permease
Transacetylase
lac operon
- Galactosidase
lacY lacZ lacA lacI
8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 1920 1940 1960 1980 Year Elephant population 1900
1,000 800 600 400 200 5 10 15 Time (days) Number of Paramecium/mL Number of Daphnia/50 mL 30 60 90 180 150 120 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Time (days) (b) A Daphnia population in the lab (a) A Paramecium population in the lab
Why do we use ODEs (dx/dt) and not a solution (x(t))? What is an ODE? Compute steady state, half life, doubling time. Expected life span and fitness (R0).
Time Number of red blood cells
Donate blood Steady state B(t) = ?
Time Number of red blood cells
Steady state B(t) = ? B(t)’ = m - dB(t) slope: m = dB(t) = 0 slope: m
Money in your bank account, pesticide in your body. Now, if you spend a certain fraction d per day:
Setting
gives
which is the amount of money that is ultimately expected to be in your account
(a)
Time (t) Population size (M) The solution M(t) = k d
+M(0)e−dt
dM dt = k − dM approaches ¯ M = k d The first term goes to k/d and second is an exponential loss term.
dN dt = m − dN
Suppose he was 50kg when he married at age 20.
Suppose he was 50kg when he married at age 20.
8000 B.C.E. 4000 B.C.E. 3000 B.C.E. 2000 B.C.E. 1000 B.C.E. 1000 C.E. 2000 C.E.
1 2 3 4 5 6
The Plague Human population (billions)
7
dN dt = rN i.e. N(t) = N(0)ert
dN dt = rN i.e. N(t) = N(0)ert
(b)
Time (t) Population size (N)
(c)
Time (t) Log population size (ln[N]) N(0) N(0) slope: r
Look for N(t) = 2N(0), i.e., dN dt = rN with solution N(t) = N(0)ert 2N(0) = N(0)ert
ln 2 = rt
t = ln 2 r Look for N(t) = 1
2N(0), i.e.,
dN dt = −dN with solution N(t) = N(0)e−dt 1 2N(0) = N(0)e−dt
ln 1 − ln 2 = −dt
t = ln 2 d
dN dt = (b − d)N with solution N(t) = N(0)e(b−d)t
Consider a time scale of years: b is a birth rate (expected number of offspring per year), d is a death rate (expected chance to die per year), 1/d is the expected life span in years. As each individual is expected to produce b offspring each year of its total generation time of 1/d years, the total fitness amounts to
Suppose he was 50kg when he married at age 20.
Next suppose he is wrong because he actually grows 2% per year (which is close to 1 kg per year in the first years of his marriage)
Suppose he was 50kg when he married at age 20.
Next suppose he is wrong because he actually grows 2% per year (which is close to 1 kg per year in the first years of his marriage)
B: number of bacteria N: number of neutrophils r: natural rate of increase k: killing rate all per ml of blood
Malka et al., J. Clin Invest. 2012