Cambodia, Chile and Mozambique Monica G. Paz Arancibia Michael Hill - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

From Amnesties Towards Reconciliation: Cambodia, Chile and Mozambique

Monica G. Paz Arancibia Michael Hill Kellie McDaniel

• V. Bonnie Nezaj

Radosh Piletich Jesica L. Santos The New School May 2007

The Project

Problem: Countries emerging from conflict and dealing with issues of justice often struggle between pursuing prosecutions, for war crimes and crimes against humanity, and granting amnesties Human Rights Watch’s position is that amnesty generally does not work and hinders longer-term peace prospects Purpose: To conduct an in-depth analysis of three cases, in which amnesty was granted and determine whether the lack of accountability can lead to long-term peace

Cambodia

 Population: 14 million  1970: Lon Nol Coup  1970-73: US Bombing Campaign  1975: Khmer Rouge takes power  1978: Vietnam invades, removes

Khmer Rouge

 1991: UN-brokered Peace

Process

 2007-2008: National/International

War Crimes Tribunal

Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity and Gross Violations of Human Rights

 Approximately 1,000,000 killed (1 in 8)  Total loss in population around 2,000,000 (over 25%)  10,000 ethnic Vietnamese  50,000 Buddhist monks (out of 80,000)  90,000 - 150,000 Chams (out of 250,000)  Executions: 75,000 - 150,000  Massive population transfers, tortures, starvation,

• verwork, untreated and mistreated medical

conditions

Amnesties in Cambodia

1. De Facto Amnesty, 1979

• for demobilization of Khmer

Rouge soldiers

• not an official amnesty

2. 1st Official Amnesty, 1994

• declared Khmer Rouge illegal
• granted grace period for

defections

• denied amnesty to “leaders”

3. 2nd Amnesty/Royal Pardon, 1996: “A pardon to Mr. Ieng Sary, for the sentence of death imposed by

• rder of the 1979 People's

Revolutionary Tribunal of Phnom Penh; and an amnesty for prosecution under the Law to Outlaw the Democratic Kampuchea Group.” Mass Defection as a result of the 1994 Amnesty

Ieng Sary - “Do I have remorse? No.”

• Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Brother No. 3
• Granted an amnesty for crimes against humanity and genocide
• Never apologized or displayed any remorse
• KRT judges have the power to overturn his amnesty

Pol Pot, Ieng Sary, and Son Sen (from left to right)

Chile

• Population: 16.3 million
• September 11, 1973 - Military Coup
• verthrew Salvador Allende
• Augusto Pinochet and the Junta - led a 17-

year dictatorship

• National Congress and Constitutional

Tribunal were closed

• Supreme Court declared support
• Military courts replaced civilian courts

Conflict Overview

• All leftist political parties hunted down

and declared illegal

• “Caravan of Death”- executed nearly 80 people

between October 16 - 19

• DINA- special intelligence unit
• Operation Condor
• Abuses: illegal detentions, murder, torture,

disappearances and exile

• 3,000 killed
• approx. 200,000 exiled
• 1,000 disappeared
• more than 28,000 tortured

The Junta

Institutionalized Impunity

“I was tortured ”

 Amnesty Law 2191 of 1978  a self-pardon, covers 1973-1978  Judiciary and competing jurisdictions  Constitution of 1980

Dealing with the Past

• Concertación (Coalition of Parties)
• Truth and Reconciliation Commission 1990;

National Commission on Imprisonment and Torture 2004

• Pinochet Precedent
• Trials
• Amnesty Law has yet to be annulled
• Constitution of 1980 Still in Effect

Where are they?

Mozambique

• Population: 19.4 million
• Independence from Portugal

in 1975, after 10-year war

• Civil War (1975-1992)

between RENAMO and FRELIMO

• 1,000,000 deaths during the

conflict (500,000 were children)

• 4,000,000 refugees
• 1.7 million IDPs
• 15,000 landmine victims

• 1992 Peace Agreement
• End of Conflict
• Demobilization of Troops
• RENAMO officially recognized as a political party
• 1992 General Amnesty for RENAMO insurgents and state

armed forces

• Release of 300 prisoners
• Amnesty Contrasts sharply with International Law guidelines
• Multi-party democracy and elections (1994, 1999, 2004)

General Peace Agreement and Amnesty Overview

Healing and Reconciliation

• No Truth Commission was Established
• Limited Accountability Options
• Political and institutional constraints
• Culture of Peace and Healing Ceremonies
• Principle of forgiveness
• Current State of Human Rights
• Governance Issues
• Judiciary corruption
• Lack of training

Results

 Amnesties for ‘serious crimes in international law’ can -

in some cases - lead to long-term peace and stability.

 Long-term peace without accountability does not lead

to full reconciliation.

 Full reconciliation entails both conflict-resolution and

peace-building during transition periods that are based

• n respect for human rights.

 To achieve reconciliation and rule of law, amnesties

may have to be annulled at some point after transition, depending on the case.

Deliverables

CAMBODIA



I. Summary Of Conflicts



• II. Crimes and Amnesties



• III. Cambodia Today



• IV. Conclusion

CHILE



I. Conflict Overview



• II. Abuses and Impunity



• III. Transition to Democracy



• IV. Conclusion

MOZAMBIQUE



I. Summary of Conflict



• II. Atrocities, Peace Agreement, Amnesty



• III. Current Situation



• IV. Conclusion



Appendices



Digital copy of Audio-Recorded Interviews

Methodology

• Desk Analysis
• Overview of Conflict
• Crimes, Abuses and Amnesties
• Transition and Reconciliation
• Case Study Conclusions
• Process
• Individual and Team Research
• Weekly Group Meetings
• Periodic Consultations with Client
• Weekly Meetings with PIA Coordinator and

Supervisor

• Editing Rounds
• One-on-One Expert Interviews

Lessons Learned: Amnesties

Cambodia: Amnesties facilitated democracy and peace, but fostered impunity and corruption, and have proved an obstacle to reconciliation. Chile: Amnesty, though a variable in its peaceful transition, relative political stability and economic progress, is unacceptable because it is a self- pardon and does not address reconciliation. Mozambique: Amnesty allowed for a peaceful transition because of Mozambique’ traditional and cultural principle of forgiveness, but the question of governance and respect for human rights remains problematic. Amnesties:

• a space of contention between states rights and individual rights
• functionality should not be dismissed entirely by policymakers and

peace brokers Human Rights must ultimately be the foundation for reconciliation

Lessons Learned: PIA

Research Practice:

• Each page of writing requires 10-50 pages of research.
• Cite all sources immediately while writing.

Group Work:

• More difficult than an individualized thesis, but more rewarding.
• Editing can be an opportunity to switch partners and gain a fresh

perspective on research. Client Relations:

• Important for Client to read through and agree to Terms of

Reference.

• The more information/guidance one can get from Client the better.

Future of the Project

 HRW is working on producing a report on the

granting of amnesties in countries emerging from conflict

 Our research on three cases will inform their

report