Busine Business ss Alternat Alternativ ives es in in Africa - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Busine Business ss Alternat Alternativ ives es in in Africa - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Busine Business ss Alternat Alternativ ives es in in Africa Africas Congo s Congo Basin: Basin: The Case The Case of of Cameroo Cameroons s Forest Sector Forest Sector Robert Kozak Dieudonne Alemagi Joleen Timko UBC

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Busine Business ss Alternat Alternativ ives es in in Africa’ Africa’s Congo s Congo Basin: Basin: The Case The Case of

  • f Cameroo

Cameroon’s s Forest Sector Forest Sector

Robert Kozak Dieudonne Alemagi Joleen Timko

UBC Faculty of Forestry

AFRICAD – Africa Forests Research Initiative on Conservation and Development

www.forestry.ubc.ca / www.fact.ubc.ca www.farpoint.forestry.ubc.ca/FP/?rkoz ak rob kozak@ubc ca / 604 822 2402

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Outlin Outline

  • Context:

– Global Forest Cover & Loss – Global Wealth – Forests in Africa – Concessions in Cameroon

  • Background:

– Cameroon’s Rain Forest, Forest Dependent Communities, Industrial Activities & Wood Markets – Summary – AFRICAD

  • Current AFRICAD Projects:

– Methodologies – Key Findings – A Path Forward

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Contex Context t – The World The World

Source: Worldmapper.org (2008)

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Contex Context t – Global Forest Global Forest Cover Cover

Source: Worldmapper.org (2008)

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Contex Context t – Global Forest Global Forest Loss Loss

Source: Worldmapper.org (2008)

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Contex Context t – Global Wealth Global Wealth

Source: Worldmapper.org (2008)

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Contex Context t – Forests Forests in in Africa Africa

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (2008)

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Contex Context t – Forests Forests in in Africa Africa

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (2008)

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Contex Context t – Concess Concessio ions ns in in Cameroon Cameroon

Source: Global Forest Watch, 2005

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Backgr Backgrou

  • und

d – Cameroon Cameroon’s Rain Rain Forest Forest

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Backgr Backgrou

  • und

d – Cameroon Cameroon’s Rain Rain Forest Forest

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Backgr Backgrou

  • und

d – Forest Forest Depende Dependent nt Communit Communitie ies

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Backgr Backgrou

  • und

d – Industri Industrial Activiti l Activities

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Backgr Backgrou

  • und

d – Industri Industrial Activiti l Activities

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Backgr Backgrou

  • und

d – Forest Forest Depende Dependent nt Communit Communitie ies

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Backgr Backgrou

  • und

d – Wood Markets Wood Markets

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Backgr Backgrou

  • und

d – Wood Markets Wood Markets

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Backgr Backgrou

  • und

d – Wood Markets Wood Markets

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Backgr Backgrou

  • und

d – Wood Markets Wood Markets

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Backgr Backgrou

  • und

d – Summary Summary

 a wealth of forest resources on publicly held lands  large, multinational corporations  low value, high volume commodity focus  reliance on export markets  inability to source raw materials for alternative products  inability to explore alternative business models  marginalization and social exclusion of indigenous peoples  impoverished forest-dependent communities  community erosion  violent conflict

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Backgr Backgrou

  • und

d – AFRICAD AFRICAD

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Backgr Backgrou

  • und

d – AFRICAD AFRICAD

AFRICAD is committed to a vision of healthy and prosperous forest-dependent communities in Africa where the maintenance of forest resources is considered vital to long-term poverty alleviation, the mitigation of conflicts, and sustainable and equitable economic development.

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Curren Current AFRICAD Projects t AFRICAD Projects

Kozak, R. (2009). Alternative Business Models for Forest-Dependent Communities in Africa: A Pragmatic Consideration of Small- Scale Enterprises and a Path Forward. Madagascar Conservation and Development 4(2):76-81. Timko, J., P. Waeber and R. Kozak. The Socio-Economic Contribution

  • f Non-Timber Forest Products to Rural Livelihoods in Sub-

Saharan Africa: Knowledge Gaps and New Directions. Accepted in The International Forestry Review, March 2010. Alemagi, D. and R. Kozak. Illegal Logging in Cameroon: Causes and the Path Forward. Accepted in Forest Policy and Economics, June 2010. Timko, J., R. Kozak and J. Innes. HIV/AIDS and Forests in Sub- Saharan Africa: Exploring the Links Between Morbidity, Mortality, and Dependence on Biodiversity. Accepted in Biodiversity, July 2010. Alemagi, D., S. David and R. Kozak. In prep. Opportunities and Barriers for Community Forest Certification in Cameroon. Alemagi, D. and R. Kozak. In prep. Public Participation in Forest Management Decisions: The Case of Eight Forest Communities in Cameroon.

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Curren Current AFRICAD Projects t AFRICAD Projects – Methodol Methodolog

  • gies

es Qualitative strategies:

– Secondary data collection

  • Synthetic reviews of scientific and grey

literature, policy analyses

– Primary data collection

  • Interviews, focus groups, enumerated surveys

– Community approaches

  • Participatory research, action research

– Grounded theory

  • Conceptual framework development
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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Curren Current AFRICAD Projects t AFRICAD Projects – Key Finding Key Findings

Concession-based forestry still dominates in Cameroon…

– Cameroon is the 6th largest exporter of tropical woods in the world – Concession-based forestry accounts for 3.1% of its GDP – Approximately 67% of the productive forest land is allotted to concessionaires – Approximately US$ 60 million in revenues is generated every year, mostly by foreign owned multinationals

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Curren Current AFRICAD Projects t AFRICAD Projects – Key Finding Key Findings

But concessions are simply not working…

– Less than 15,000 individuals are employed by concessionaires – While forest taxes represent a sizable revenue stream for the national government, evidence suggests that little of the funds that are generated trickle back down to communities – The environmental sustainability of this model is increasingly being questioned

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Curren Current AFRICAD Projects t AFRICAD Projects – Key Finding Key Findings

There are alternatives to concession-based models…

– Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) – Community forest enterprises (CFEs) – Business associations, clusters, and networks – Alliances with concessionaires – Other decentralized and community-oriented approaches

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Curren Current AFRICAD Projects t AFRICAD Projects – Key Finding Key Findings

And timber is not the only product that comes from forests…

– Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have been shown to contribute to incomes, help alleviate poverty, buffer against shocks, and improve health conditions of the poor

  • Medicinal plants, animal and plant food sources, gums and

resins, services like recreations, etc.

– The level of use / dependence of NTFPs is determined by:

  • Access to forests and markets
  • Seasonality
  • Wealth status
  • Gender
  • Education levels
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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Curren Current AFRICAD Projects t AFRICAD Projects – Key Finding Key Findings

Still, there are issues…

– A lack of public participation:

  • Despite the increasing importance of social

responsibility and inclusion, the majority of residents in forest dependent communities in Cameroon have never participated in forest management decision-making, largely due to a lack of education and awareness

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Curren Current AFRICAD Projects t AFRICAD Projects – Key Finding Key Findings

Still, there are issues…

– Illegal logging:

  • Despite relatively evolved forest policy, illegal logging

continues to be a major problem in Cameroon, with some estimates being as high as 50%

  • Illegal logging seems to be the result of systemic

corruption, poverty, conflicts, licensing schemes, usurpation of property rights, and inadequate institutional support

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Curren Current AFRICAD Projects t AFRICAD Projects – Key Finding Key Findings

Still, there are issues…

– Forest certification:

  • Smaller-scale enterprises (SMEs and CFEs) lack the

capacity and financial means to adopt forest certification, which in effect, becomes a market barrier

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Curren Current AFRICAD Projects t AFRICAD Projects – Key Finding Key Findings

Still, there are issues…

– Poverty and health:

  • Extreme poverty conditions persist among the forest

dependent communities in Cameroon, and violent conflict due to land use disputes are on the rise

  • There exist clear links between industrialization and the

incidence of diseases (like HIV/AIDS), which can lead to biodiversity losses and further exasperate poverty conditions

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

Curren Current AFRICAD Projects t AFRICAD Projects – A A Path Forward Path Forward For researchers, civil society, policy makers, etc.

– Address the paucity of data that exists surrounding the socio-economic contributions that forests can and do make – Devise appropriate and context-specific pro-poor interventions that:

  • adhere to sound business principles
  • increase community participation
  • build capacity
  • create enabling environments for smaller-scale

businesses to succeed

– Rethink forest policy, with a focus on redressing rights of access and tenure for forest dependent communities

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Joint Pre-Conference of IUFRO and the UN/ECE Team of Specialists on Forest Products Marketing Hokkaido, Japan, August 2010

The End The End

www.forestry.ubc.ca www.farpoint.forestry.ubc.ca/FP/?rkoza k rob.kozak@ubc.ca / 604.822.2402 www.africad.ubc.ca